Proto-Coelo-Caric: Difference between revisions

Proto-Coelo-Caric (view source)

Revision as of 04:52, 3 November 2013

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→‎Pre-Proto-Germanic (Pre-PGmc)

Luzset Zari

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-|Merging of PIE "palatal" and "velar" plosives (Germanic is therefore a [[Centum-satem isogloss|centum language]]):
+|'''Merging of non-high back vowels''', */ɔ/, */a/ > */a/ — *nɔam "we (inclusive or dual)" > *naam > ''nami'' "we"
-* {{PIE|/ḱ/}} > {{PIE|/k/}} — {{PIE|*ḱm̥tóm}} "hundred" > {{PIE|*km̥tóm}} > {{PIE|*hundą}}
-* {{PIE|/ǵ/}} > {{PIE|/g/}} — {{PIE|*wérǵom}} "work" > {{PIE|*wérgom}} > {{PIE|*werką}}
-* {{PIE|/ǵʰ/}} > {{PIE|/gʰ/}} — {{PIE|*ǵʰóstis}} "stranger" > {{PIE|*gʰóstis}} > {{PIE|*gastiz}} "guest"
-*Note that in more recent theories (e.g. Ringe 2006), there was nothing palatal about the so-called "palatal" series, i.e. the "palatal" {{PIE|/ḱ/}} was actually a plain velar {{IPA|[k]}} while the "plain velar" {{PIE|/k/}} was actually a uvular {{IPA|[q]}} or similar. Hence, it would be more accurate to say that {{PIE|/k/}} > {{PIE|/ḱ/}}.
 |-
-|'''[[Epenthesis]] of {{PIE|/u/}}''' before the syllabic [[sonorants]]:
+|'''Coelo-Caric labial change''': Merger of the labial stops.
-* {{PIE|/m̥/}} > {{PIE|/um/}} — {{PIE|*ḱm̥tóm}} "hundred" > {{PIE|*kumtóm}} > {{PIE|*hundą}}
+* */b/, */m/ > */m/ — *ba "four" > ''mala''; *čtɔb tjɔya "dull sun(light)" > *čtamtjaya > ''cheundala'' "yellow"; *ye mee "from" > *ye-mej > ''yamai''; *hamen "five" > *hamex > ''khamish''
-* {{PIE|/n̥/}} > {{PIE|/un/}} — {{PIE|*n̥tér}} "inside" > {{PIE|*untér}} > {{PIE|*under}} "among"
+*This change is prevented where there is adjacent palatalization:
-* {{PIE|/l̥/}} > {{PIE|/ul/}} — {{PIE|*wĺ̥kʷos}} "wolf" > {{PIE|*wúlkʷos}} > {{PIE|*wulfaz}}
+* */bi/ — *tyabi lale "dance" > ''jabilale''
-* {{PIE|/r̥/}} > {{PIE|/ur/}} — {{PIE|*wŕ̥mis}} "worm" > {{PIE|*wurmis}} > {{PIE|*wurmiz}}
+* */by/ — *ye byi sen "nine, (lit.) lacking one from ten" > *ye-byi > ''yabi'' "nine"
+* */bj/ — *bene "large" > *bjene > ''byane'' "big"
 |-
-|'''An epenthetic {{PIE|/s/}}''' was inserted already in PIE after dental consonants when followed by a suffix beginning with a dental.
+|'''Reduction of open diphthongs: */ae/ > */a/; */ea/ > */a/''' — *teɸnɔe "speech, language" > *teɸnae > *teɸna > ''dyela'' "to say"; *leɔ "that" > *lea > la "that"; *leɔlen "those" > *lealen > ''lálen''
-*This sequence now becomes: {{PIE|/TsT/}} > {{PIE|/ts/}} > {{PIE|/ss/}} — {{nowrap|{{PIE|*wid-tós}} "known" (pronounced {{PIE|*widstos}}) > {{PIE|*witstós}} > {{PIE|*wissós}} > {{PIE|*wissaz}} "certain"}}
-*A single example exists where {{PIE|/tt/}} was word-internal, in which case it remained (even after [[Grimm's law]] below)— {{nowrap|{{PIE|*atta}} "dad" > {{PIE|*attô}}}}
 |-
-|'''[[Geminate]] consonants are shortened''' after a consonant or a long vowel — {{nowrap|{{PIE|*káyd-tis}} "act of calling" (pronounced {{PIE|*káydstis}}) > {{PIE|*káyssis}} > {{PIE|*káysis}} > {{PIE|*haisiz}} "command"}}
+|'''Stress accent on the vowel preceding the last consonant or hiatus in a word'''.
+|-
+|'''Liquid''': in relatively unpredictable environments, the changes */n/ to */l/ and */l/ to */r/ occur, which may or may not occur in feeding order — *teɸnɔe "speech, language" > *tjena > ''dyela'' "to say"
+*It is expected that this sound change operated for at least a moderate span of time.
+|-
+|'''Denasalization of PCC */ŉ/''' ([n̪], an interdental nasal stop):
+* Word-initially, it became a simple fricative — */ŉ/ > */ð/ — *ŉakis "strength" > *ðakis > ''dakish''
+* Intervocalically, it dissimilated into a nasal cluster — */ŉ/ > */mð/ (possibly */nð/) — *teŉi "name" > *temði > ''sandi''
+* Word-finally, it merged with */m/
+*It is not certain whether this change or the precursors to such a change had already occurred in Proto-Coelo-Caric, as a similar change is observed in Pre-Silōs.
 |-
 |'''Word-final long vowels are lengthened''' to "overlong" vowels — {{PIE|*séh₁mō}} "seeds" > {{PIE|*séh₁mô}} > {{PIE|*sēmô}}
 |-
-|'''Loss of [[laryngeal]]s''', phonemicising the [[allophone]]s of {{PIE|/e/}}:
+|'''First palatalization''':
-* Word-initial laryngeals are lost before a consonant — {{nowrap|{{PIE|*h₁dóntm̥}} "tooth, acc." > {{PIE|*dóntum}} > {{PIE|*tanþų}}}}
+* The sequence */te/ merges to */se/ — *teɸ "two" > *seɸ > *saj > ''shai'' (from conflation with Hebrew and earlier *sai)
-* Laryngeals are lost before vowels:
+* The sequences */it/ and */is/ merge to */ix/ — *ŉtitm inah "to work" > *ðtitminah > *ðtixminah > ''teshminá''
-** {{PIE|/h₁V/}} > {{PIE|/V/}} — {{PIE|*h₁ésti}} "is" > {{PIE|*ésti}} > {{PIE|*isti}}
+* An */e/ undergoes palatal diphthongization between a non-dorsal plosive and */n/:
-** {{PIE|/h₂e/}} > {{PIE|/a/}}, {{PIE|/h₂V/}} > {{PIE|/V/}} otherwise — {{nowrap|{{PIE|*h₂énti}} "in front" > (with shift of accent) {{PIE|*antí}} > {{PIE|*andi}} "in addition"}}
+** */b(C)e(C)n/ > */b(C)je(C)n/ — *bene "large" > *bjene > ''byane'' "big"
-** {{PIE|/h₃e/}} > {{PIE|/o/}}, {{PIE|/h₃V/}} > {{PIE|/V/}} otherwise — {{PIE|*h₃érō}} "eagle" > {{PIE|*órô}} > {{PIE|*arô}}
+** */t(C)e(C)n/ > */d(C)je(C)n/ — *teɸnɔe "speech, language" > *teɸna > *djejna > ''dyela'' "to say"
-* Laryngeals are lost after vowels, but lengthen the preceding vowel: {{PIE|/VH/}} > {{PIE|/Vː/}} — {{nowrap|{{PIE|*séh₁mō}} "seeds" > {{PIE|*sēmô}} > {{PIE|*sēmô}}}}
+** Remaining instances of */tj/ become */dj/ — *tjɔya "dull" > *tjaya > *djaya > ''dyora''
-** Two vowels that come to stand in [[Hiatus (linguistics)|hiatus]] because of this change contract into an overlong vowel — {{nowrap|{{PIE|*-oHom}} "dative plural" > {{PIE|*-ôm}} > {{PIE|*-ǫ̂}}; {{PIE|*-eh₂es}} "eh₂-stem nom. pl." > {{PIE|*-âs}} > {{PIE|*-ôz}}}}
+** Resulting triphthongs are simplified:
-** In word-final position, the resulting long vowels remain distinct from (shorter than) the overlong vowels that were formed from PIE word-final long vowels — {{PIE|*-oh₂}} "thematic 1st sg." > {{PIE|*-ō}}
+** */t(C)ejn/ */d(C)jejn/ > */d(C)jen/ — *teɸnɔe "speech, language" > *djejna > *djena > ''dyela'' "to say"
-* Laryngeals remain between consonants.
+*A single example exists where */b/ was preserved even without palatalization — *atta}} "dad" > {{PIE|*attô}}}}
+|-
+|'''Nasal harmony''': A plosive at the end of a consonant cluster and with a neighboring nasal stop becomes a nasal stop — *(C)CPVN > *(C)CNVN, where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, P is any plosive, and N is any nasal consonant — *čtɔb tjɔya "dull sun(light)" > *čtamdjaya > *čnamdjaya > ''cheundala'' "yellow"
+|-
+|'''Appearance of the closed vowel''', phonemicizing the reduced, nasal allophone */ɵ/ of */a/ (<*/a/, */ɔ/) between nasal consonants — *čtɔb tjɔya "dull sun(light)" > *čnamdjaya > *čnɵmdjaya > ''cheundala'' "yellow"
+* The phonemicization of the closed vowel occasionally removed minimal contrast previously supported only by the nasal triggers, allowing them to become deleted — *čtɔb tjɔya "dull sun(light)" > *čnɵmdjaya > *čɵmdjaya > ''cheundala'' "yellow"
 |-
-|'''[[Cowgill's law]]''': {{PIE|/h₃/}} (and possibly {{PIE|/h₂/}}) is strengthened to {{PIE|/g/}} between a sonorant and {{PIE|/w/}} — {{nowrap|{{PIE|*n̥h₃mé}} "us two" > {{PIE|*n̥h₃wé}} > {{PIE|*ungwé}} > {{PIE|*unk}}}}
+|'''*/ð/ > */d/''' — *ŉakis "strength" > *ðakix > *dakix > ''dakish''
 |-
-|'''Vocalisation of remaining laryngeals''': {{PIE|/H/}} > {{PIE|/ə/}} — {{nowrap|{{PIE|*ph₂tḗr}} "father" > {{PIE|*pətḗr}} > {{PIE|*fadēr}}; {{PIE|*sámh₂dʰos}} "sand" > {{PIE|*sámədʰos}} > {{PIE|*samdaz}}}}
+|'''*/md/ > */nd/''' — *teŉi "name" > *semdi > ''sandi''
 |-
-|'''Velars are labialised''' by following {{PIE|/w/}}: {{PIE|*éḱwos}} "horse" > {{PIE|*ékwos}} > {{PIE|*ékʷos}} > {{PIE|*ehwaz}}
+|'''*/kn/ > */ŋn/''' — *tsaknali "to know" > *tsaŋnali > ''tsangnali''
 |-
-|'''Labiovelars are delabialised''' next to {{PIE|/u/}} (or {{PIE|/un/}}) and before {{PIE|/t/}} — {{nowrap|{{PIE|*gʷʰénti-}} ~ {{PIE|*gʷʰn̥tí-}} "killing" > {{PIE|*gʷʰúntis}} > {{PIE|*gʰúntis}} > {{PIE|*gunþiz}} "battle"}}
+|'''*/nk/ > */ŋg/''' — *sanka let "to buy" > *saŋgalet > ''sangarat''
-*This rule continued to operate into the Proto-Germanic period.
 |}