Lebanese: Difference between revisions

3,922 bytes added ,  28 January 2020
Line 622: Line 622:
The prefixing form of the verb comprises three subforms (usually simply called '''A'''', '''B''' and '''C''', examples of which are ''yipʿol'' for '''A''' and '''B''' and ''yipʿola'' for the '''C''' form, which also has and extended form ''yipʿalan''). These three forms were used on different occasions. The prefixing form A expresses the imperfective aspect and usually marks the present tense. The prefixing form B is used only to mark the past tense and the perfective aspect (similarly to the suffixing form, but it is placed in a sentence-initial position instead). It also can express the subjunctive and optative, but is rarely used for that purpose, usually together with a proclitic particle ''l-'', 𐤋𐤔𐤌𐤀 ''lismaʿ'' "may he hear". The prefixing form C marks cohortative and optative. Its extended form has the same meaning as a simple form and is usually used only with verbs that don't have a distinction between B and C forms.
The prefixing form of the verb comprises three subforms (usually simply called '''A'''', '''B''' and '''C''', examples of which are ''yipʿol'' for '''A''' and '''B''' and ''yipʿola'' for the '''C''' form, which also has and extended form ''yipʿalan''). These three forms were used on different occasions. The prefixing form A expresses the imperfective aspect and usually marks the present tense. The prefixing form B is used only to mark the past tense and the perfective aspect (similarly to the suffixing form, but it is placed in a sentence-initial position instead). It also can express the subjunctive and optative, but is rarely used for that purpose, usually together with a proclitic particle ''l-'', 𐤋𐤔𐤌𐤀 ''lismaʿ'' "may he hear". The prefixing form C marks cohortative and optative. Its extended form has the same meaning as a simple form and is usually used only with verbs that don't have a distinction between B and C forms.


===Numerals===
Lebanese has a decimal [[w:Alphabetic numeral system|alphabetic numeral system]] that used the letters of the [[w:Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician alphabet]]. In modern days, however, the decimal system of [[w:Arabic numerals|Arabic numerals]] is used in almost all cases (money, age, date on the civil calendar). The old numerals are used only in special cases, much as Roman numerals are used in Europe.
The Lebanese language has native names for numbers that range from zero to ten thousand, which were inherited from Phoenician. Cardinal and ordinal numbers must agree in gender with the noun they are describing, but if there is no such noun (e.g. telephone numbers), the feminine form is used.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Arabic<br>numerals
!rowspan="2"|Lebanese<br>numerals
!colspan="2" |[[Cardinal number (linguistics)|Cardinal]]
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
|-
|0
| align="right"|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| (tsifer) 𐤑𐤐𐤓
|-
|1
| align="right"| 𐤀
| align="center"|  ''eḥod'' 𐤀𐤇𐤃
| align="center"|  ''eḥath'' 𐤀𐤇𐤕
|-
|2
| align="right"| 𐤁
| align="center"|  ''esnêm'' 𐤀𐤔𐤍𐤉𐤌
| align="center"|  ''estêm'' 𐤀𐤔𐤕𐤉𐤌
|-
|3
| align="right"| 𐤂
| align="center"|  ''salūst'' 𐤔𐤋𐤅𐤔𐤕
| align="center"|  ''salūs'' 𐤔𐤋𐤅𐤔
|-
|4
| align="right"| 𐤃
| align="center"|  ''arbaʿath'' 𐤀𐤓𐤁𐤏𐤕
| align="center"|  ''arbaʿ'' 𐤀𐤓𐤁𐤏
|-
|5
| align="right"| 𐤄
| align="center"|  ''ḥamēs'' 𐤇𐤌𐤔𐤕
| align="center"|  ''ḥamist'' 𐤇𐤌𐤔
|-
|6
| align="right"| 𐤅
| align="center"|  ''sēsith'' 𐤔𐤔𐤕
| align="center"|  ''sēs'' 𐤔𐤔
|-
|7
| align="right"| 𐤆
| align="center"|  ''sibaʿath'' 𐤔𐤁𐤏𐤕
| align="center"|  ''sēbaʿ'' 𐤔𐤁𐤏
|-
|8
| align="right"| 𐤇
| align="center"|  ''samūnīth'' 𐤔𐤌𐤅𐤍𐤉𐤕
| align="center"|  ''samūnī'' 𐤔𐤌𐤅𐤍𐤉
|-
|9
| align="right"| 𐤈
| align="center"|  ''tisaʿath'' 𐤕𐤔𐤏𐤕‎
| align="center"|  ''tīsaʿ'' 𐤕𐤉𐤔𐤏
|-
|10
| align="right"| 𐤉
| align="center"|  ''ʿasirt'' 𐤏𐤔𐤓𐤕‎
| align="center"|  ''ʿaser'' 𐤏𐤔𐤓
|-
|11
| align="right"| 𐤉𐤀
| align="center"|  ''eḥadʿasōr'' 𐤀𐤇𐤃𐤏𐤔𐤓‎
| align="center"|  ''eḥatʿasirt'' 𐤀𐤇𐤕𐤏𐤔𐤓𐤕
|-
|12
| align="right"| 𐤉𐤁
| align="center"|  ''esnêʿasōr'' 𐤀𐤔𐤍𐤉𐤏𐤔𐤀𐤓‎
| align="center"|  ''estêʿasirt'' 𐤀𐤔𐤕𐤉𐤏𐤔𐤓𐤕
|-
|13
| align="right"| 𐤉𐤂
| align="center"|  ''salūsitʿasōr'' 𐤔𐤋𐤅𐤔𐤕𐤏𐤔𐤀𐤓‎
| align="center"|  ''salūsʿasirt'' 𐤔𐤋𐤅𐤔𐤏𐤔𐤓𐤕
|-
|20
| align="right"| 𐤊
| colspan="2" align="center"| ''ʿasrīm'' 𐤏𐤔𐤓𐤉𐤌‎‎
|-
|21
| align="right"| 𐤊𐤀
| colspan="2" align="center"| ''eḥod waʿasrīm'' 𐤅𐤏𐤔𐤓𐤉𐤌‎‎ 𐤀𐤇𐤃
|-
|30
| align="right"| 𐤋
| colspan="2" align="center"| ''salūsīm'' 𐤔𐤋𐤅𐤔𐤉𐤌‎‎
|-
|100
| align="right"| 𐤒
| colspan="2" align="center"| ''mī'ith'' 𐤌𐤉𐤀𐤕‎‎
|-
|200
| align="right"| 𐤓
| colspan="2" align="center"| ''mētêm'' 𐤌𐤀𐤕𐤉𐤌‎‎
|-
|300
| align="right"| 𐤔
| colspan="2" align="center"| ''salūs mī'ūth'' 𐤌𐤉𐤀𐤅𐤕‎‎ 𐤔𐤋𐤅𐤔
|-
|1000
| align="right"| 𐤀׳
| colspan="2" align="center"| ''alp'' 𐤀𐤋𐤐‎
|-
|10 000
| align="right"| 𐤀׳𐤒
| align="center"| ''ribbō'' 𐤀‎𐤓͘𐤁
| align="center"| ''ribbūth'' 𐤅𐤕‎𐤓͘𐤁
|-
|100 000
| align="right"| 𐤀׳𐤉
| align="center"| ''ʿasrith ribbo'īm'' 𐤓͘𐤁𐤀𐤉𐤌‎ 𐤏𐤔𐤓𐤕
| align="center"| ''ʿaser ribbo'ūth'' 𐤓͘𐤁𐤀𐤅𐤕‎ 𐤏𐤔𐤓
|-
|1 000 000
| align="right"| 𐤀׳׳
| colspan="2" align="center"| ''miliyūn'' 𐤌𐤉𐤋𐤉𐤅𐤍
|-
|}
==Writing system==
==Writing system==


2,334

edits