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Sceptrian (view source)

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The most complete study of the basic structure of modern Sceptrian words was recently done by Porutingatu of Jerzónó in year 362 of the seventh era. She collected, grouped and analyzed the fusional morphemes and listed the new rules to replace the outdated writings from the sixth era. By 370, her work had led to a new interest in linguistics and ultimately to the founding of ''Tsagadhet Keping Batom Lushan'' (Bureau of the Purity of the Sceptrian Language) which has been unifying and regulating the language along with its orthography since then.
The most complete study of the basic structure of modern Sceptrian words was recently done by Porutingatu of Jerzónó in year 362 of the seventh era. She collected, grouped and analyzed the fusional morphemes and listed the new rules to replace the outdated writings from the sixth era. By 370, her work had led to a new interest in linguistics and ultimately to the founding of ''Tsagadhet Keping Batom Lushan'' (Bureau of the Purity of the Sceptrian Language) which has been unifying and regulating the language along with its orthography since then.
===Pronouns===
Pronouns are used to refer people or things. In Sceptrian, they exist in two numbers and are inflected according to six [[Sceptrian#Cases|'''cases''']].
====Personal====
Second person includes polite versions as well which were adapted by Aoma-sperkers. Third person singular makes distinction between abstract (Ab), animate (An) and inanimate (In) pronouns while plural only between Ab-An and In.
{|  border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Personal pronoun inflection'''
|-
! Case !! 1SG !! 1PL !! 2SG !! 2PL !! 2SG.POL !! 2PL.POL  !! 3SG.Ab !! 3SG.An !! 3PL.A !! 3SG.In !! 3PL.In
|-
!ABS 
| na || mo || fo || po || Nith || With  || tha || su || slo || hi || klo
|-
!ERG
| næ || moslo || fø || poslo || Nithe || Widhes || thaa || suu || sloslo || hii || kloslo
|-
!DAT
| nai || mokli || foki || pokli || Nithki || Withkli || thai || swi || slokli  || hiki|| klokli
|-
!POS
| nar || moŕ || for || poŕ || Nithor || Withoŕ || thar || sur || sloŕ  || hir || kloŕ
|-
!COM
| nas || mosh || fos || posh || Nithos || Withosh || thas || sus || slosh || his || klosh
|-
!CAU
| nape || moplo || fope || poplo || Nitti || Witti || thape || supe || sloplo || hipi || kloplo
|}
*'''Comitative''' case is used to indicate company: ''Mo slosh orkho.'' (We were with them yesterday.)
*'''Causal''' describes the cause of an action or origin of something: ''Aitesosai næ su fope'' (I saw him because of (/thanks to) you), ''Hi supe foki.'' (It (is) from him to you.)
3rd person abstract pronoun is used in the formal register when introducing or referring to a person of higher status.
====Reflexive====
Self-pronoun ''ru'' for '''reflexive''' and '''reciprocal''': ''tesosón ru'' (they are watching themself), ''ónlatepón ruu'' (he is dancing by himself, alone) vs. ''ónlatepón su'' (he is dancing with him); ''sónkephón (they are washing each other) vs. ''sónkephón sloslo slo/soutu'' (they are washing them)
*reflexive is easier with others: ''anlatepan'' (I'm dancing by myself); ''ankepan'' (I'm washing myself) vs. ''ankep'' ("I'm washing..."), ''kepan'' (I'm being washed)
====Demonstrative====
See the [[Sceptrian#Table_of_correlatives|table of correlatives]].
{|border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+Demonstrative pronoun inflection
|-
!rowspan="2"| Case
!colspan="2"| Proximal
!colspan="2"| Distal
|-
!SG !! PL !! SG !! PL
|-
!ABS
|ka || kla || ko || klo
|-
!ERG
|kaa || klaa || kó || kló
|-
!DAT
|kai ||klai || koi || kloi
|-
!POS
|kan ||klang || kon || klong
|-
!COM
|kas || klash || kos || klosh
|-
!CAU
|kap || klapa || kop ||klopo
|-
|}
===Table of correlatives===
{|  border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"| 
!rowspan="2"|Interrogative
!colspan="2"|Demonstrative
!colspan="5"|Quantifier
|-
!Proximal !! Distal !! Existential !! Elective !! Universal !! Negatory !! Alternative
|-
!colspan="2"| Determiner
| sho || ka<br />kla || ko<br />klo ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
!rowspan="5"| Pronoun
!Abstract
| shu<br /> ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
!Animate
|  || saitu || soutu ||  ||  ||  ||  || 
|-
!Inanimate
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
!Out of two
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
!Out of many
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
!rowspan="6"|Pro-adverb
!Locative
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
!Temporal
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
!Causal-ablative
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
!Lative
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
!Manner
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
!What kind of
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|}


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
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When both are used, "witnessing" occurs  
When both are used, "witnessing" occurs  


===Pronouns===
===Derivational Morphology===


Pronouns are used to refer people or nouns mentioned before. In Sceptrian, they exist in two numbers and are inflected according to six [[Sceptrian#Cases|'''cases''']].  
Verbs and adjectives are derived from nouns by adding suffixes and in some cases prefixes as well.


====Personal====
Noun→adjective:
Second person includes polite versions as well which were adapted by Aoma-sperkers. Third person singular makes distinction between abstract (Ab), animate (An) and inanimate (In) pronouns while plural only between Ab-An and In.
*Base noun may describe an abstact quality, feature: "weakness"→"similar to weakness"/"having weakness"/"without weakness"
*similarity, having something: ''dh'' suffix to abstract gender and animate ''u''-ending, voicing of fricatives (''h→gh'', no change with affricates), nasals into ''ng'', voicing of plosives + ''o'' (''q→g''), l-declension as in INS-COM
*full of, having something:
*material:
*origin, relation:
*absence, without:
*doing: washing
*result: washed = clean (wanted vs. unwanted?)


{|  border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
Noun→noun:
|+ '''Personal pronoun inflection'''
*place, region
|-
*collection:
! Case !! 1SG !! 1PL !! 2SG !! 2PL !! 2SG.POL !! 2PL.POL  !! 3SG.Ab !! 3SG.An !! 3PL.A !! 3SG.In !! 3PL.In
*being, person, creature:
|-
**doer, agent:
!ABS 
**experiencer, patient:
| na || mo || fo || po || Nith || With  || tha || su || slo || hi || klo
**origin:
|-
**characteristic: kauneus-->kaunotar
!ERG
*diminutive:
| næ || moslo || fø || poslo || Nithe || Widhes || thaa || suu || sloslo || hii || kloslo
*augmentative:
|-
*abstract quality, feature: ...i
!DAT
| nai || mokli || foki || pokli || Nithki || Withkli || thai || swi || slokli  || hiki|| klokli
|-
!POS
| nar || moŕ || for || poŕ || Nithor || Withoŕ || thar || sur || sloŕ  || hir || kloŕ
|-
!COM
| nas || mosh || fos || posh || Nithos || Withosh || thas || sus || slosh || his || klosh
|-
!CAU
| nape || moplo || fope || poplo || Nitti || Witti || thape || supe || sloplo || hipi || kloplo
|}


*'''Comitative''' case is used to indicate company: ''Mo slosh orkho.'' (We were with them yesterday.)
Noun→verb
*'''Causal''' describes the cause of an action or origin of something: ''Aitesosai næ su fope'' (I saw him because of (/thanks to) you), ''Hi supe foki.'' (It (is) from him to you.)
*From core nouns: "way-markers" → how the verb reflects the core noun+case/adjective: table... depends on the core (
 
*ABS = "happens", "is"
3rd person abstract pronoun is used in the formal register when introducing or referring to a person of higher status.
*COM = "using"
 
*GEN + ''k'' = "similarity":
====Reflexive====
*DAT + ''k'' = "making"/"becoming" (no ''k'' with Abstract): ''zurmu'' → ''zurmjik'' (strong person.AN → strengthen.3SG.INAN.GNO), ''zurp'' → ''zurpeik'' (strong, durable object.IN → hardens) & ''zurma'' → ''zurmak'' (strength → intensifies)
Self-pronoun ''ru'' for '''reflexive''' and '''reciprocal''': ''tesosón ru'' (they are watching themself), ''ónlatepón ruu'' (he is dancing by himself, alone) vs. ''ónlatepón su'' (he is dancing with him); ''sónkephón (they are washing each other) vs. ''sónkephón sloslo slo/soutu'' (they are washing them)
*LAT + ''t'' = ''movement''
*reflexive is easier with others: ''anlatepan'' (I'm dancing by myself); ''ankepan'' (I'm washing myself) vs. ''ankep'' ("I'm washing..."), ''kepan'' (I'm being washed)
*frequentative
 
*momentane
====Demonstrative====
* feel: hyväksyä, oudoksua, ...
 
See the [[Sceptrian#Table_of_correlatives|table of correlatives]].
 
{|border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+Demonstrative pronoun inflection
|-
!rowspan="2"| Case
!colspan="2"| Proximal
!colspan="2"| Distal
|-
!SG !! PL !! SG !! PL
|-
!ABS
|ka || kla || ko || klo
|-
!ERG
|kaa || klaa || kó || kló
|-
!DAT
|kai ||klai || koi || kloi
|-
!POS
|kan ||klang || kon || klong
|-
!COM
|kas || klash || kos || klosh
|-
!CAU
|kap || klapa || kop ||klopo
|-
|}


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
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===Adverbs===
===Adverbs===


 
Adverbs are derived from
 
===Table of correlatives===
 
{|  border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"| 
!rowspan="2"|Interrogative
!colspan="2"|Demonstrative
!colspan="5"|Quantifier
|-
!Proximal !! Distal !! Existential !! Elective !! Universal !! Negatory !! Alternative
|-
!colspan="2"| Determiner
| sho || ka<br />kla || ko<br />klo ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
!rowspan="5"| Pronoun
!Abstract
| shu<br /> ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
!Animate
|  || saitu || soutu ||  ||  ||  ||  || 
|-
!Inanimate
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
!Out of two
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
!Out of many
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
!rowspan="6"|Pro-adverb
!Locative
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
!Temporal
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
!Causal-ablative
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
!Lative
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
!Manner
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
!What kind of
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|}
 
 
===Adpositions===
 
*''vo'' (in) with lative, locative and ablative cases to form illative, inessive, elative
*''so'' (on) to emphasize the surface aspect
*''ost'' (under) for movement under something
*''mo'' (touching) when objects are in touch with each other
 


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Line 929: Line 957:
* ''Vakuh ónzait pofos.'' (a hand lifts the feather)/(someone intentionally lifts the feather with their hand) Notice animate conjugation!
* ''Vakuh ónzait pofos.'' (a hand lifts the feather)/(someone intentionally lifts the feather with their hand) Notice animate conjugation!
**''Tup onzait pofos dothpo.'' (a stick, which is being held by a man, lifts the feather) ABL as causative.
**''Tup onzait pofos dothpo.'' (a stick, which is being held by a man, lifts the feather) ABL as causative.


====Non-finite forms====
====Non-finite forms====
Line 948: Line 975:
Relative form with word-order and prefix?
Relative form with word-order and prefix?


===Derivational Morphology===
===Adpositions===


Verbs and adjectives <s>easily</s> from nouns...
Prepositions used with lative, locative and ablative cases
*''vo'' (in) forms illative, inessive, elative
*''so'' (on) to emphasize the surface aspect
*''ost'' (under) for movement under something
*''mo'' (touching) when objects are in touch with each other
*''ol'' (as) forms translative, essive, exessive
*''ko'' (per) distribution: "for each", "every" (temporal), "from each"
*''jon'' (... between)
*''bo'' (... the middle of)
*''tso'' (... front of)
**with time nouns in locative = before
*''hi'' (... behind)
**with time nouns in locative = after


Noun→adjective:
Postpositions
*Base noun may describe an abstact quality, feature: "weakness"→"similar to weakness"/"having weakness"/"without weakness"
*''pon'' (through) with lative
*similarity, having something: ''dh'' suffix to abstract gender and animate ''u''-ending, voicing of fricatives (''h→gh'', no change with affricates), nasals into ''ng'', voicing of plosives + ''o'' (''q→g''), l-declension as in INS-COM
*''pho'' (along) with lative
*full of, having something:
*''plo'' (opposite to) with locative
*material:
*''sos'' (with) with comitative to express a greater degree of endowment (ornative)
*origin, relation:
*''op'' (about)
*absence, without:
*result: washed = clean (wanted vs. unwanted?)
 
Noun→noun:
*place, region
*collection:
*being, person, creature:
**doer, agent:
**experiencer, patient:
**origin:
**characteristic: kauneus-->kaunotar
*diminutive:
*augmentative:
*abstract quality, feature: ...i
 
Noun→verb
*From core nouns: "way-markers" → how the verb reflects the core noun+case/adjective: table... depends on the core (
*ABS = "happens", "is"
*COM = "using"
*GEN + ''k'' = "similarity":
*DAT + ''k'' = "making"/"becoming" (no ''k'' with Abstract): ''zurmu'' → ''zurmjik'' (strong person.AN → strengthen.3SG.INAN.GNO), ''zurp'' → ''zurpeik'' (strong, durable object.IN → hardens) & ''zurma'' → ''zurmak'' (strength → intensifies)
*LAT + ''t'' = ''movement''
*frequentative
*momentane
* feel: hyväksyä, oudoksua, ...


===Numerals===
===Numerals===


Decimal base was adopted due to commerce, but traces of the former octal base remain
Decimal base was adopted due to commerce, but traces of the former octal base remain
table


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Juhhmi
1,439

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