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Carpathian historical development: Difference between revisions
Carpathian historical development (view source)
Revision as of 12:33, 5 February 2023
, 5 February 2023→Split from Late Proto-Indo-European
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* *ǵ, *ǵʰ → *ź | * *ǵ, *ǵʰ → *ź | ||
These later became retroflex fricatives *š and *ž in the Western dialects, but dental fricatives *s and *z in the Eastern dialects, which is the feature that defines each group (and became the main difference for the subsequent Western and Eastern standard languages). | These later became retroflex fricatives *š and *ž in the Western dialects, but dental fricatives *s and *z in the Eastern dialects, which is the feature that defines each group (and became the main difference for the subsequent Western and Eastern standard languages). | ||
This sound change was incomplete, in that the Carpathian languages has instances where PIE palatovelars appear as *k and *g, such as ''kalaušētei'' “to be listening” from ''*ḱléwseti'', ''gansis'' “goose” from ''*ǵʰh₂éns''. Some of these instances are explained by prohibitive dissimilation: *Ḱ_s > K_s — when a palatovelar is next to a sibilant within the same root, it loses its palatalisation (this, however, does not explain words such as ''hakmū'' “stone” from ''*h₂éḱmō''. According to Matasović, the depalatalisation of palatovelars also occurred before sonorant followed by a back vowel: *Ḱ_RV<sub>back</sub> > K/_RV<sub>back</sub>). | |||
Other satem sound changes are the unconditional delabialisation of labiovelar consonants (*Kʷ > K) and the ruki sound law (*{r,u,k,i}s > {r,u,k,i}š), | |||
according to which the dental sibilant ''*s'' became retroflex ''*š'' after ''*r, *u, *k or *i''. In Eastern Carpathian this new ''š'' reverted back to ''s'' before plosive consonants (in some southern dialects before all consonants), but was retained in other positions, being the only source of the retroflex sibilant in these dialects. In Western Carpathian, on the other hand, ''*ś'' and ''š'' merged with very few exceptions, such as ''tor̃sā'' “bristle” corresponding to Eastern ''tar̃šā'' “crumb”. | |||
The final consonants, except for *n and *s were lost. Final ''*m'' changed to ''n''. Final resonants were preserved by addition of a new ending: PIE ''*péh₂wr̥'' “wheat” > ''*púhr-an'' > Car. ''pūrha'' “bromegrass”. Final plosives were dropped: PIE ''*tod'' > Car. ''ta'' “it”. | |||
PIE voiced aspirated consonants merged with their plain counterparts: | |||
* *bʰ → *b | |||
* *dʰ → *d | |||
* *gʰ → *g | |||
However, the distinction between the two series manifested as [[w:Winter's law|Winter's law]], which operated before plain voiced stops, giving the syllable rising acute accent and lengthening the vowel (with some exceptions, such as ''stògas'' “stack” from PIE ''*stógos''. | |||
The short vowels ''*o'' and ''*a'' merge early in Proto-Carpathian resulting in the back likely labialised vowel ''*a'', which was preserved unchanged in Eastern Carpathian. This is supported by later loanwords, such as ''hamaras'' “sombre, gloomy” likely from Avar ''homor'' (however, Eastern dial. ''humuras'' also exists, suggesting that *a was an open vowel with weak labialisation. The borrowing from Proto-Slavic ''*xmura'' “cloud” is possible). In most Western dialects new short ''o'' arose from ''*a'' under certain conditions, such as under circumflex accent in a closed syllable, or near labial consonants: ''gor̃šatas'' “earthquake”,''wongìs'' “fire”. Some a>o changes are irregular, likely of an affective nature: ''dòštei'' “to resemble” (Eastern: ''dasētei''). | |||
The PIE diphthong ''*ew'' became ''*jau'' after consonants (''*au'' before labials and ''h'') and ''*aw'' after vowels: ''háugetei'' “to grow” from PIE ''*h₂ewgeti'', ''liaũbas'' “sweet” from ''*léwbʰos''. | |||
Syllabic sonorants become liquid diphthongs with ''*i'' (sometimes ''*u'') inserted before them. ''*u'' instead of ''*i'' is expected before labiovelars, which means that the change happened before the delabialisation of velars. Another change that happened during the same period was *wl, *wr > *l, *r word-initially (but ''*wrōdnas'' > W. ''wōrdanas'', E. ''wōrdaras'' “dawn” (cognate with Sl. ''*rànъ'' “morning”), which preserves the initial ''*w'' through vowel metathesis, however the reconstruction ''*wōrdnas'' is also possible, likely related to ''war̃dinas'' “early”). | |||
[[Category:Carpathian]] | [[Category:Carpathian]] | ||