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Soc'ul': Difference between revisions
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*Glottalized consonants are realized with simultaneous | *Glottalized consonants are realized with simultaneous creaky voicing for most speakers, but some speakers realize glottalized stops as implosive either in free variation or word-initially | ||
*Aspirated consonants have light to moderate aspiration | *Aspirated consonants have light to moderate aspiration | ||
*[j(ˀ)] and [w(ˀ)] are allophones of /i(ː)/ and /u(ː)/ adjacent to vowels | *[j(ˀ)] and [w(ˀ)] are allophones of /i(ː)/ and /u(ː)/ adjacent to vowels | ||
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==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
===Nouns and pronouns=== | ===Nouns and pronouns=== | ||
Nouns fall into five classes which are unmarked directly on the noun but trigger agreement in verbs and some particles. In informal speech class-2 marking is often used for class-1 nouns. | Nouns fall into five classes which are unmarked directly on the noun but trigger agreement in verbs and some particles. In informal speech class-2 marking is often used for class-1 nouns. | ||
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====Possession==== | ====Possession==== | ||
Possessive particles (alienable or inalienable) can also serve as possessive pronouns when verb agreement marking does not give sufficient context. | Possessive particles (alienable or inalienable) can also serve as possessive pronouns when verb agreement marking does not give sufficient context. | ||
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====Aspect and mood==== | ====Aspect and mood==== | ||
Verbs are marked for aspect and mood by particles preceding the verb. | Verbs are marked for aspect and mood by particles preceding the verb. | ||
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====Agreement==== | ====Agreement==== | ||
Verbs agree with the person and class of their agent and patient as follows. | Verbs agree with the person and class of their agent and patient as follows. | ||
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====Copula==== | ====Copula==== | ||
The copula ''hazen'' inflects as follows. | The copula ''hazen'' inflects as follows. | ||
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==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||
All clauses are strictly | All clauses are strictly VO, and subject and object order are flexible with sufficient marking or context, but VSO order is most common. | ||
===Noun and verb phrases=== | ===Noun and verb phrases=== | ||