8,622
edits
Line 430: | Line 430: | ||
===Present indicative=== | ===Present indicative=== | ||
The regular present indicative has a distinct form for all verb types.<br/>Ablauting verbs have ''middle grade'' ablaut in all exterior forms and in the singular interior ones. nā/nī verbs have ''-nā'' in singular and plural and ''-nī'' in the dual; ru verbs change ''-ru'' with ''-su''.<br/> | |||
The regular present indicative has a distinct form for all verb types.<br/>Ablauting verbs have ''middle grade'' ablaut in all exterior forms and in the singular interior ones. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Person !! | ! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | Person !! colspan =2 | a-root !! colspan =2 | Athematic !! colspan =2 | Ablaut !! colspan=2 | -nā-/-nī- !! colspan =2 | -ah- !! colspan =2 | -ru- | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! colspan=2 | nāmvake <br/><small>"to crush, press"</small> !! colspan=2 | gṇyauke <br/><small>"to give birth; ''int.:'' to be born"</small> !! colspan=2 | mišake <br/><small>"to see"</small> !! colspan=2 | khlunāke <br/><small>"to search, look for"</small> !! lilke <br/><small>"to live"</small> !! hañilke <br/><small>"to remember"</small> !! pāṭṭaruke <br/><small>"to study"</small> !! kūmeruke <br/><small>"to be embarassed"</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! rowspan=3 | Sing. !! 1st | ||
| nāmv'''u''' || nāmv'''iru''' || gṇyāv'''u''' || gṇyāv'''iru''' || meš'''u''' || meš'''iru''' || khlu'''nau''' || khlu'''nairu''' || lil'''ah''' || hañil'''ąiru''' || pāṭṭa'''sū''' || kume'''suiru''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! 2nd | ||
| nāmv'''i''' || nāmv'''iris''' || gṇyāv'''i''' || gṇyāv'''iris''' || meš'''i''' || meš'''iris''' || khlu'''nādi''' || khlu'''nairis''' || lil'''aši''' || hañil'''ąiris''' || pāṭṭa'''sui''' || kume'''suiris''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! 3rd | ||
| nāmv'''ė''' || nāmv'''ire''' || gṇyāv'''ė''' || gṇyāv'''ire''' || meš'''ė''' || meš'''ire''' || khlu'''nā''' || khlu'''naih''' || lil'''ah''' || hañil'''ąire''' || pāṭṭa'''suvė''' || kume'''suire''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! rowspan=3 | Dual !! 1st | ||
| nāmv'''odām''' || nāmv'''irdām''' || gṇyau'''dām''' || gṇyāv'''irdām''' || meš'''odām''' || miš'''irdām''' || khlu'''nīdām''' || khlu'''nīrdām''' || lil'''ardām''' || hañil'''ęrdām''' || pāṭṭa'''sudām''' || kume'''suirdām''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! 2nd | ||
| nāmv'''odās''' || nāmv'''irdās''' || gṇyau'''dās''' || gṇyāv'''irdās''' || meš'''odās''' || miš'''irdās''' || khlu'''nīdās''' || khlu'''nīrdās''' || lil'''ardās''' || hañil'''ęrdās''' || pāṭṭa'''sudās''' || kume'''suirdās''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! 3rd | ||
| nāmv'''odāvo''' || nāmv'''irdāvo''' || gṇyau'''dāvo''' || gṇyāv'''irdāvo''' || meš'''odāvo''' || miš'''irdāvo''' || khlu'''nīdāvo''' || khlu'''nīrdāvo''' || lil'''ardāvo''' || hañil'''ęrdāvo''' || pāṭṭa'''sudāvo''' || kume'''suirdāvo''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! rowspan=3 | Pl. !! 1st | ||
| | | nāmv'''amui''' || nāmv'''irmui''' || gṇyau'''mui''' || gṇyāv'''irmui''' || meš'''amui''' || miš'''irmui''' || khlu'''nāmui''' || khlu'''nīrmui''' || lil'''ąmui''' || hañil'''ęrmui''' || pāṭṭa'''sumui''' || kume'''suirmui''' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !! 2nd | ||
| nāmv'''akui''' || nāmv'''irkui''' || gṇyau'''kui''' || gṇyāv'''irkui''' || meš'''akui''' || miš'''irkui''' || khlu'''nākui''' || khlu'''nīrkui''' || lil'''ąkui''' || hañil'''ęrkui''' || pāṭṭa'''sukui''' || kume'''suirkui''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!! 3rd | |||
| nāmv'''ęn''' || nāmv'''iręn''' || gṇyāv'''ęn''' || gṇyāv'''iręn''' || meš'''ęn''' || miš'''iręn''' || khlu'''nāvęn''' || khlu'''nīręn''' || lil'''ašęn''' || hañil'''ęręn''' || pāṭṭa'''suvęn''' || kume'''suiręn''' | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |} | ||
'''Causative'''<br/> | |||
Causative forms are the same regardless of conjugation; they are formed basically with an extended stem with ''-(a)xh-''. Ablauting verbs always have the highest grade vowel, while inverse ablaut verbs have the "lowered" vowel in front of the normal stem.<br/> | Causative forms are the same regardless of conjugation; they are formed basically with an extended stem with ''-(a)xh-''. Ablauting verbs always have the highest grade vowel, while inverse ablaut verbs have the "lowered" vowel in front of the normal stem.<br/> | ||
All causative verbs have both exterior and interior forms. | All causative verbs have both exterior and interior forms. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Person !! | ! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | Person !! colspan =2 | No ablaut !! colspan =2 | Ablaut !! colspan =2 | Inverse ablaut | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! colspan=2 | nāmvake <br/><small>"to make crush, press"</small> !! colspan=2 | mišake <br/><small>"to show; ''int.:'' learn"</small> !! colspan=2 | valde <br/><small>"to make open"</small> | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! rowspan=3 | Sing. !! 1st | ||
| nāmv'''axhām''' || nāmv'''irxhām''' || maiš'''axhām''' || maiš'''irxhām''' || uvald'''axhām''' || uvald'''irxhām''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! 2nd | ||
| nāmv'''axhie''' || nāmv'''irxhie''' || maiš'''axhie''' || maiš'''irxhie''' || uvald'''axhie''' || uvald'''irxhie''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! 3rd | ||
| nāmv'''axhā''' || nāmv'''irxhā''' || maiš'''axhā''' || maiš'''irxhā''' || uvald'''axhā''' || uvald'''irxhā''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! rowspan=3 | Dual !! 1st | ||
| nāmv'''anxhām''' || nāmv'''irenxhām''' || maiš'''anxhām''' || maiš'''irenxhām''' || uvald'''anxhām''' || uvald'''irenxhām''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! 2nd | ||
| nāmv'''anxhās''' || nāmv'''irenxhās''' || maiš'''anxhās''' || maiš'''irenxhās''' || uvald'''anxhās''' || uvald'''irenxhās''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! 3rd | ||
| nāmv'''anxhū''' || nāmv'''irenxhū''' || maiš'''anxhū''' || maiš'''irenxhū''' || uvald'''anxhū''' || uvald'''irenxhū''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! rowspan=3 | Pl. !! 1st | ||
| nāmv'''axhumi''' || nāmv'''irxhumi''' || maiš'''axhumi''' || maiš'''irxhumi''' || uvald'''axhumi''' || meš'''irxhumi''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !! 2nd | ||
| nāmv'''axhuši''' || nāmv'''irxhuši''' || maiš'''axhuši''' || maiš'''irxhuši''' || uvald'''axhuši''' || uvald'''irxhuši''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !! 3rd | ||
| nāmv'''axhįs''' || nāmv'''irxhįs''' || maiš'''axhįs''' || maiš'''irxhįs''' || uvald'''axhįs''' || uvald'''irxhįs''' | |||
|} | |} | ||
edits