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Hadda: Difference between revisions
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====Voice==== | ====Voice==== | ||
Indicated by prefixes attached to the verb stem (after person prefixes). Unlike person prefixes, these do cause the initial consonant to lenite and lenite themselves when occurring after person or other voice prefixes. When multiple voice prefixes co-occur, the order is ''passive/reflexive/middle-inchoative/ | Indicated by prefixes attached to the verb stem (after person prefixes). Unlike person prefixes, these do cause the initial consonant to lenite and lenite themselves when occurring after person or other voice prefixes. When multiple voice prefixes co-occur, the order is ''passive/reflexive/middle-inchoative/cessative-causative-inchoative/cessative-intensive'' (the position of the inchoative/cessative relative to the causative depends on if it means "started/stopped causing X" or "caused to start/stop X") - e.g. ''naraʃiŋahwayiyiiⱳan'' (<small>1S.PAS.INCH.CAUS.CESS.INTEN.throw.PST.IND</small>) "I started to be caused to stop throwing repeatedly". | ||
*Passive: ''-la-'' e.g. ''laǥaɓɓan'' "is thrown" | *Passive: ''-la-'' e.g. ''laǥaɓɓan'' "is thrown" | ||
**Indicates that the action is performed on the subject. The patient takes the nominative and the agent takes the instrumental. | **Indicates that the action is performed on the subject. The patient takes the nominative and the agent takes the instrumental. | ||
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*Causative: ''ŋa-'' e.g. ''ŋaǥaaⱳan'' "is causing to throw" | *Causative: ''ŋa-'' e.g. ''ŋaǥaaⱳan'' "is causing to throw" | ||
*Inchoative: ''ci-'' e.g. ''ciǥaaⱳan'' "is starting to throw" | *Inchoative: ''ci-'' e.g. ''ciǥaaⱳan'' "is starting to throw" | ||
* | *Cessative: ''kwa-'' e.g. ''kwaǥaaⱳan'' "is stopping throwing" | ||
====Negation==== | ====Negation==== | ||