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Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions
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→Nouns - Halenī
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:: '''Dual''' (''daniausis niañis'')
| :: '''Dual''' (''daniausis niañis'')
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:: '''Plural''' (''tailiausis niañis'') | :: '''Plural''' (''tailiausis niañis'') | ||
* | * Twelve cases:
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:: '''Direct''' (''daradhūkah dirūnnevya'') | :: '''Direct''' (''daradhūkah dirūnnevya'') | ||
:: '''Vocative''' (''halauseh dirūnnevya'')
| :: '''Vocative''' (''halauseh dirūnnevya'')
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:: '''Ablative''' (''tųflunūkah dirūnnevya'') | :: '''Ablative''' (''tųflunūkah dirūnnevya'') | ||
:: '''Locative''' (''yutiūkah dirūnnevya'') | :: '''Locative''' (''yutiūkah dirūnnevya'') | ||
:: '''Instrumental''' (''drauseh dirūnnevya'') | |||
Nouns also have grammatical gender, being divided in three classes (called ''dragon'', ''lotus'', and ''parrot'' based on nouns included in them<ref>Dragon is ''kaṃšūs'', lotus is ''yujam'', and parrot is ''geltah''.</ref>). | Nouns also have grammatical gender, being divided in three classes (called ''dragon'', ''lotus'', and ''parrot'' based on nouns included in them<ref>Dragon is ''kaṃšūs'', lotus is ''yujam'', and parrot is ''geltah''.</ref>). | ||
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===Dragon nouns - Kaṃšūlñī halenī=== | ===Dragon nouns - Kaṃšūlñī halenī=== | ||
The first declension of dragon nouns is also the most common one for that gender. Like all other nominal declensions, the vocative is only distinct in the singular. | The first declension of dragon nouns is also the most common one for that gender. Like all other nominal declensions, the vocative is only distinct in the singular; in the dual there is also no distinction between translative and dative, essive and locative, and between exessive, ablative, and instrumental. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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! Locative | ! Locative | ||
| prāte || prātiona || prātilīm || kælduve || kælduyona || kældilīm || kumie || kumiyona || kumiælīm || halenive || haleniona || haloelīm | | prāte || prātiona || prātilīm || kælduve || kælduyona || kældilīm || kumie || kumiyona || kumiælīm || halenive || haleniona || haloelīm | ||
|- | |||
! Instrumental | |||
| prātini || prātābhan || prātenīka || kældvini || kældūbhan || kældunīka || kumīni || kumībhan || kumienīka || halenini || haloebhan || haleninīka | |||
|} | |} | ||
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! Locative | ! Locative | ||
| yujamñe || yujamiona || yujailīm || tūlumñe || tūlumiona || tūluvilīm || jāyimñe || jāyimiona || jāyīlīm || lunaiñe || lunāyona || lunāyilīm | | yujamñe || yujamiona || yujailīm || tūlumñe || tūlumiona || tūluvilīm || jāyimñe || jāyimiona || jāyīlīm || lunaiñe || lunāyona || lunāyilīm | ||
|- | |||
! Instrumental | |||
| yujamini || yujambhan || yujamñika || tūlumini || tūlumbhan || tūlumñika || jāyimini || jāyimbhan || jāyimñīka || lunaini || lunaibhan || lunaiñīka | |||
|} | |} | ||
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! Locative | ! Locative | ||
| māre || māriona || mārilīm || javiliye || javiliona || javililīm || camve || camūyona || camūvilīm || ghārṭye || ghārṭiyona || ghārṭīlīm || lile || liliona || laile | | māre || māriona || mārilīm || javiliye || javiliona || javililīm || camve || camūyona || camūvilīm || ghārṭye || ghārṭiyona || ghārṭīlīm || lile || liliona || laile | ||
|- | |||
! Instrumental | |||
| mārini || mārābhan || mārenīka || javileni || javilėbhan || javilenīka || camvini || camūbhan || camūnīka || ghārṭīni || ghārṭībhan || ghārṭīnīka || lilini || lilābhan || lelini | |||
|} | |} | ||
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* ''resan'' "pig" and ''liken'' "arm" both have irregular plurals with vowel change: ''ryasan'' and ''læcin'' respectively. | * ''resan'' "pig" and ''liken'' "arm" both have irregular plurals with vowel change: ''ryasan'' and ''læcin'' respectively. | ||
* ''švas'' "animal (including humans)" pluralizes as ''švai'', as if it were a parrot noun; all cases except for direct and vocative are however regular. | * ''švas'' "animal (including humans)" pluralizes as ''švai'', as if it were a parrot noun; all cases except for direct and vocative are however regular. | ||
* There are some pluralia tantum: ''pārye'' “hair”, ''kāraṇḍhai'' “guts”, and all ethnonyms; also ''agṇyaucai'' (perfect exterior participle, parrot plural, of ''gṇyauke'' “to give birth”) when used with the meaning of “sons and daughters”. | * There are some pluralia tantum: ''pārye'' “hair”, ''kāraṇḍhai'' “guts”, ''hamvyenī'' "nursery"<ref>''hamvyenī'' is also the regular plural of ''hamvyoe'' with the meaning "cradle(s)".</ref> and all ethnonyms; also ''agṇyaucai'' (perfect exterior participle, parrot plural, of ''gṇyauke'' “to give birth”) when used with the meaning of “sons and daughters”. | ||
* A few nouns are singularia tantum: ''hærṣūs'' “lips”, ''maula'' “breasts”, ''kanai'' “spices”, ''paʔeh'' “dust”, ''nāmvāvi'' “dust (made by crushing something)”, ''måris'' “ash”, ''ñailūh'' “ice”. | * A few nouns are singularia tantum: ''hærṣūs'' “lips”, ''maula'' “breasts”, ''kanai'' “spices”, ''paʔeh'' “dust”, ''nāmvāvi'' “dust (made by crushing something)”, ''måris'' “ash”, ''ñailūh'' “ice”. | ||
* Dvandva compounds are usually all dual and pluralizable - like ''yāṇḍamaišñukam'' “genitals”, or also many dyadic kinship terms (e.g. ''maihāmeinā'' “daughter and mother”) - but some of them are inherently “singular” and therefore are dual only, like ''lillamurḍhyāyunya'' (how some philosophical Yunyalīlti currents refer to the yunya “nature” and the ''lillamurḍhyā'' “natural harmony” as two aspects of the same thing). Note that dual inflections are not present on the noun itself in direct and vocative forms. | * Dvandva compounds are usually all dual and pluralizable - like ''yāṇḍamaišñukam'' “genitals”, or also many dyadic kinship terms (e.g. ''maihāmeinā'' “daughter and mother”) - but some of them are inherently “singular” and therefore are dual only, like ''lillamurḍhyāyunya'' (how some philosophical Yunyalīlti currents refer to the yunya “nature” and the ''lillamurḍhyā'' “natural harmony” as two aspects of the same thing). Note that dual inflections are not present on the noun itself in direct and vocative forms. | ||