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Tigol/Proto-Tigol: Difference between revisions
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==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
'''NB.'''' In structural glosses, ''a, b, c...'' are coreference indices, and ''i, j, k...'' are agreement indices. | |||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Nouns inflect for number, definiteness and possessedness, but not for case. Nouns have two genders, masculine and feminine. In third-person possessed forms, Themsaran makes a distinction between the ''absolute'' possessed form, which indicates a noun possessed by a pronoun, and the ''conjunct'' possessed form, used to indicate a possessive relationship between two nouns and agreeing with the gender of the possessor. | Nouns inflect for number, definiteness and possessedness, but not for case. Nouns have two genders, masculine and feminine. In third-person possessed forms, Themsaran makes a distinction between the ''absolute'' possessed form, which indicates a noun possessed by a pronoun, and the ''conjunct'' possessed form, used to indicate a possessive relationship between two nouns and agreeing with the gender of the possessor. | ||
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====Declension==== | ====Declension==== | ||
====Degree==== | ====Degree==== | ||
Adjectives with degree inflections may be nominalized to derive, for example, meanings such as "supreme strength" from "the vary strongest". | |||
====Irregular adjectives==== | ====Irregular adjectives==== | ||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
====Personal==== | ====Personal==== | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Finite verbs are marked for TAM, degree (positive, "more/most"), voice (active and mediopassive), the subject's person, number, and gender and, if the direct object is definite, is obligatorily marked with the (usually direct) object's person, number, and gender in most TAMs, except in the imperative. The verb may agree with an indirect object (which is typically animate) instead of with the direct object. | Finite verbs are marked for TAM, degree (positive, "more/most"), voice (active and mediopassive), the subject's person, number, and gender and, if the direct object is definite, is obligatorily marked with the (usually direct) object's person, number, and gender in most TAMs, except in the imperative. The verb may agree with an indirect object (which is typically animate) instead of with the direct object. Verbs also have several non-finite forms, used with various subordinating conjunctions and relative clauses. | ||
The conjugations are demonstrated below respectively with the verbs ''mól'' - 'thank', ''chrīgá'' - 'walk backwards', ''ga̋le'' - 'sing'. | ====Tense-aspect-mood==== | ||
=====Imperative===== | |||
The imperative is used to issue positive, direct orders. | |||
=====Jussive===== | |||
The jussive bears a wide range of uses: | |||
* optatives (wishes) and hortatives (urging); | |||
* prohibitions, with the prohibitive marker; | |||
* imperatives in indirect speech, with a complementizer; | |||
* purpose clauses, as relative clauses or as subordinated or coordinated clauses. | |||
====Conjugation of the active==== | |||
The active voice is the default voice, used when the subject is the agent of the verb. | |||
The three conjugations of Themsaran verbs are demonstrated below respectively with the verbs ''mól'' - 'thank', ''chrīgá'' - 'walk backwards', ''ga̋le'' - 'sing'. | |||
=====Monopersonal affixes===== | =====Monopersonal affixes===== | ||
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=====Non-finite forms===== | =====Non-finite forms===== | ||
==== | ====Conjugation of the mediopassive==== | ||
The mediopassive marks the subject as a patient of the verb. Apart from passivity, mediopassives may have a derivational function; they may indicate reflexive action or change of state. As such there are quite a few deponent verbs, verbs that are inherently mediopassive, and also mediopassive counterparts of active intransitive verbs. | The mediopassive marks the subject as a patient of the verb. Apart from passivity, mediopassives may have a derivational function; they may indicate reflexive action or change of state. As such there are quite a few deponent verbs, verbs that are inherently mediopassive, and also mediopassive counterparts of active intransitive verbs. | ||
=====Monopersonal affixes===== | =====Monopersonal affixes===== | ||
=====Bipersonal affixes===== | =====Bipersonal affixes===== | ||
=====Non-finite forms===== | =====Non-finite forms===== | ||
====Tonal patterns==== | ====Tonal patterns==== | ||
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The default constituent order is verb-subject-pronominal oblique object-direct object. The subject or the direct object can be topicalized or focalized by being placed in front of the verb. | The default constituent order is verb-subject-pronominal oblique object-direct object. The subject or the direct object can be topicalized or focalized by being placed in front of the verb. | ||
===Noun phrases=== | ===Noun phrases=== | ||
Numerals precede nouns; possessors follow their possessa; demonstratives occur after attributive adjectives, which follow nouns. Whether a quantifier precedes or follows the noun depends on the specific quantifier. Within these boundaries there is a lot of leeway; an attributive adjective or a demonstrative can occupy any position between its head and the relative clause. | |||
===Equational sentences=== | ===Equational sentences=== | ||
===Coreferentiality=== | |||
====Relative clauses==== | ====Relative clauses==== | ||
====Indirect speech==== | ====Indirect speech==== | ||