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Tigol/Proto-Tigol: Difference between revisions

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{{private}}{{construction}}
{{ClassMeter
{{ClassMeter
|Name      = {{PAGENAME}}
|Name      = {{PAGENAME}}
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====First declension====
====First declension====
The first declension consists primarily of masculine nouns.
The first declension consists primarily of masculine nouns.
{| class="graytable lightgraybg " style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''First declension'''
|+ '''First declension'''
|-
|-
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====Second declension====
====Second declension====
The second declension, consisting of vowel-final nouns, consists primarily of feminine nouns.
The second declension, consisting of vowel-final nouns, consists primarily of feminine nouns.
{| class="graytable lightgraybg " style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Second declension'''
|+ '''Second declension'''
|-
|-
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====Third declension====
====Third declension====
The third declension consists mainly of mass, collective and abstract nouns of both genders.
The third declension consists mainly of mass, collective and abstract nouns of both genders.
{| class="graytable lightgraybg " style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Third declension'''
|+ '''Third declension'''
|-
|-
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====Declension====
====Declension====
====Degree====
====Degree====
Adjectives with degree inflections may be nominalized to derive, for example, meanings such as "supreme strength" from "the vary strongest".
Adjectives with degree inflections may be nominalized to derive, for example, meanings such as "supreme strength" from "the very strongest".
====Irregular adjectives====
====Irregular adjectives====
===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
====Personal====
====Personal====
====Demonstrative====
====Reflexive====
====Reciprocal====
====Distributive====
===Table of correlatives===
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Finite verbs are marked for TAM, degree (positive, "more/most"), voice (active and mediopassive), the subject's person, number, and gender and, if the direct object is definite, is obligatorily marked with the (usually direct) object's person, number, and gender in most TAMs, except in the imperative. The verb may agree with an indirect object (which is typically animate) instead of with the direct object. Verbs also have several non-finite forms, used with various subordinating conjunctions and relative clauses.
Finite verbs are marked for TAM, degree (positive, "more/most"), voice (active and mediopassive), the subject's person, number, and gender and, if the direct object is definite, is obligatorily marked with the (usually direct) object's person, number, and gender in most TAMs, except in the imperative. The verb may agree with an indirect object (which is typically animate) instead of with the direct object. Verbs also have several non-finite forms, used with various subordinating conjunctions and relative clauses.
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=====Monopersonal affixes=====
=====Monopersonal affixes=====


{| class="graytable lightgraybg " style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Imperative'''
|+ '''Imperative'''
|-
|-
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{| class="graytable lightgraybg " style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Present tense'''
|+ '''Present'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 60px; "|
!style="width: 60px; "|
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''chrǐg'''ati'''''<br/>
''chrǐg'''ati'''''<br/>
''ga̋l'''éti'''''
''ga̋l'''éti'''''
|}
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Jussive'''
|-
!style="width: 60px; "|
!style="width: 120px; "|Singular
!style="width: 120px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|rowspan="2"|
<!--sg-->
|
<!--pl-->
|-
!|1.in
|
<!--pl-->
|-
!|2.m
|
<!--sg-->
|
<!--pl-->
|-
!|2.f
|
<!--sg-->
|
<!--pl-->
|-
!|3.m
|
<!--sg-->
|
<!--pl-->
|-
!|3.f
|
<!--sg-->
|
<!--pl-->
|}
|}


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The mediopassive marks the subject as a patient of the verb. Apart from passivity, mediopassives may have a derivational function; they may indicate reflexive action or change of state. As such there are quite a few deponent verbs, verbs that are inherently mediopassive, and also mediopassive counterparts of active intransitive verbs.
The mediopassive marks the subject as a patient of the verb. Apart from passivity, mediopassives may have a derivational function; they may indicate reflexive action or change of state. As such there are quite a few deponent verbs, verbs that are inherently mediopassive, and also mediopassive counterparts of active intransitive verbs.
=====Monopersonal affixes=====
=====Monopersonal affixes=====
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Imperative'''
|-
!style="width: 60px; "|
!style="width: 120px; "|Singular
!style="width: 120px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.in
|
<!--sg-->
|
<!--pl-->
|-
!|2.m
|
<!--sg-->
|
<!--pl-->
!|2.f
|
<!--sg-->
|
<!--pl-->
|}
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Present'''
|-
!style="width: 60px; "|
!style="width: 120px; "|Singular
!style="width: 120px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|rowspan="2"|
<!--sg-->
|
<!--pl-->
|-
!|1.in
|
<!--pl-->
|-
!|2.m
|
<!--sg-->
|
<!--pl-->
|-
!|2.f
|
<!--sg-->
|
<!--pl-->
|-
!|3.m
|
<!--sg-->
|
<!--pl-->
|-
!|3.f
|
<!--sg-->
|
<!--pl-->
|}
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Jussive'''
|-
!style="width: 60px; "|
!style="width: 120px; "|Singular
!style="width: 120px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|rowspan="2"|
<!--sg-->
|
<!--pl-->
|-
!|1.in
|
<!--pl-->
|-
!|2.m
|
<!--sg-->
|
<!--pl-->
|-
!|2.f
|
<!--sg-->
|
<!--pl-->
|-
!|3.m
|
<!--sg-->
|
<!--pl-->
|-
!|3.f
|
<!--sg-->
|
<!--pl-->
|}
=====Bipersonal affixes=====
=====Bipersonal affixes=====
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Present'''
|-
!|Subj\Obj
!|1sg
!|2sg.m
!|2sg.f
!|3sg.m
!|3sg.f
!|4sg.m
!|4sg.f
!|1ex
!|1in
!|2pl.m
!|2pl.f
!|3pl.m
!|3pl.f
!|4pl.m
!|4pl.f
|}
=====Non-finite forms=====
=====Non-finite forms=====


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===Prepositions===
===Prepositions===
===Numerals===
===Numerals===
{| class="graytable lightgraybg" style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!style="width: 60px; "|
!style="width: 120px; "|Cardinal
!style="width: 120px; "|Ordinal
!style="width: 120px; "|Multiple
!style="width: 120px; "|Distributive
!style="width: 120px; "|Fractional
|}
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
The default constituent order is verb-subject-pronominal oblique object-direct object. The subject or the direct object can be topicalized or focalized by being placed in front of the verb.
The default constituent order is verb-subject-pronominal oblique object-direct object. The subject or the direct object can be topicalized or focalized by being placed in front of the verb.
===Noun phrases===
===Noun phrases===
Numerals precede nouns; possessors follow their possessa; demonstratives occur after attributive adjectives, which follow nouns. Whether a quantifier precedes or follows the noun depends on the specific quantifier. Within these boundaries there is a lot of leeway; an attributive adjective or a demonstrative can occupy any position between its head and the relative clause.
Numerals precede nouns; possessors follow their possessa; demonstratives occur after attributive adjectives, which follow nouns. Whether a quantifier precedes or follows the noun depends on the specific quantifier. Within these boundaries there is a lot of leeway; an attributive adjective or a demonstrative can occupy any position between its head and the relative clause.
====Distributive possession====
To express the meaning of "our/your/their respective NP", the last noun of the NP is reduplicated in absolute possessed forms. The plural persons are decomposed as follows:
*1ex.m: noun-1{{sc|sg}}›{{sc|sg}} noun-3{{sc|sg.m}}›{{sc|sg}} or noun-3{{sc|sg.m}}›{{sc|sg}} noun-1{{sc|sg}}›{{sc|sg}}
*1ex.f: noun-1{{sc|sg}}›{{sc|sg}} noun-3{{sc|sg.f}}›{{sc|sg}} or noun-3{{sc|sg.f}}›{{sc|sg}} noun-1{{sc|sg}}›{{sc|sg}}
*1in.m: noun-2{{sc|sg.m}}›{{sc|sg}} noun-1{{sc|sg}}›{{sc|sg}} or noun-1{{sc|sg}}›{{sc|sg}} noun-2{{sc|sg.m}}›{{sc|sg}}
*1in.f: noun-2{{sc|sg.f}}›{{sc|sg}} noun-1{{sc|sg}}›{{sc|sg}} or noun-1{{sc|sg}}›{{sc|sg}} noun-2{{sc|sg.f}}›{{sc|sg}}
*2pl.m: noun-2{{sc|sg.m}}›{{sc|sg}} noun-2{{sc|sg.m}}›{{sc|sg}}
*2pl.f: noun-2{{sc|sg.f}}›{{sc|sg}} noun-2{{sc|sg.f}}›{{sc|sg}}
*3pl.m: noun-3{{sc|sg.m}}›{{sc|sg}} noun-3{{sc|sg.m}}›{{sc|sg}}
*3pl.f: noun-3{{sc|sg.f}}›{{sc|sg}} noun-3{{sc|sg.f}}›{{sc|sg}}
These exact forms are always used disregarding the finer aspects of gender composition in the group. Thus, for example, if the only male in a group speaks of "our (exclusive) respective villages", he will still use the "his" form.
===Equational sentences===
===Equational sentences===
The copula ''vák'' is rarely used in the present tense. Instead, a 3rd- or a 4th-person pronoun (cliticized and therefore toneless) agreeing with the subject may be used anywhere in the sentence, or omitted. Both subject-predicate and predicate-subject orders may be found, but the latter is more common with pronominal subjects. When the subject is a pronoun, the uncliticized pronoun is used.
===Coreferentiality===
===Coreferentiality===
 
Several methods exist in the strictly head-marking language to track coreferentiality, or which agreeing noun a verb or pronoun taking a given agreement refers to.
====Across clauses====
====Possessives====
====Relative clauses====
====Relative clauses====
====Indirect speech====
====Indirect speech====
==Derivational morphology==
==Derivational morphology==


[[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]
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