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| ===Coreferentiality=== | | ===Coreferentiality=== |
| There are several situations where the strictly head-marking language tracks coreferentiality, or which agreeing noun a verb or pronoun taking a given agreement refers to, with fourth person pronouns or by other means. | | There are several situations where the strictly head-marking language tracks coreferentiality, or which agreeing noun a verb or pronoun taking a given agreement refers to. |
| ====Word order==== | | ====Inverse marking==== |
| The default word order in finite clauses is VSO/VS but other orders are allowed, some only under certain conditions. Participial clauses only admit VOS, VS and SVO.
| | Themsaran has verbal affixes that force a particular, marked order of the sentence, called [[w:inverse marking|inverse marking]] |
| ====Across clauses==== | | {| class="graytable lightgraybg" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;" |
| The third person is used for more topical referents:
| | |+'''Verbal inverse marking''' |
| {{Gloss|phrase = Jé nesas{{blue|ú}}?|IPA=/jéꜜ nèsasuꜜ/|morphemes = jé nesas-{{blue|u}} |gloss = who kill.animate.subject.PAST.PFV.3SG.M{{blue|>3SG.M}} |translation = Who killed him?}}
| | |- |
| On the other hand, the fourth person is used for less topical or more focal referents:
| | !|Constituents!!Direct (unless otherwise marked)!!Inverse (forced reading) |
| {{Gloss|phrase = Jé nesas{{blue|ú}}?|IPA=/jéꜜ nèsasuꜜ/|morphemes = jé nesas-{{blue|u}} |gloss = who kill.animate.subject.PAST.PFV.3SG.M{{blue|>3SG.M}} |translation = Who killed him?}}
| | |- |
| | | ||VN||VS||VO |
| | |- |
| | ||NV||SV||OV |
| | |- |
| | ||VNN||VSO||VOS |
| | |- |
| | ||NVN||SVO||OVS |
| | |- |
| | ||NNV||OSV||SOV |
| | |} |
| | <!-- |
| | ====Proximate/Obviative==== |
| The span governed by a discourse topic varies widely among writers; while earlier writers maintained a strict distinction between proximate and obviative reference in narrating events, later writers preferred a much shorter span, often only a single sentence, thereby reducing the scope of the obviative system to that of a topic-focus system. | | The span governed by a discourse topic varies widely among writers; while earlier writers maintained a strict distinction between proximate and obviative reference in narrating events, later writers preferred a much shorter span, often only a single sentence, thereby reducing the scope of the obviative system to that of a topic-focus system. |
| ====Content questions====
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| The fourth person object suffix is used on the verb, not the third person, when the interrogative word is the direct object.
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| {{Gloss|phrase = Jé nesas{{blue|ú}}?|IPA=/jéꜜ nèsasuꜜ/|morphemes = jé nesas-{{blue|u}} |gloss = who kill.animate.subject.PAST.PFV.3SG.M{{blue|>3SG.M}} |translation = Who killed him?}}
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| {{Gloss|phrase = Jé nesas{{blue|tú}}?|IPA=/jéꜜ nèsasuꜜ/|morphemes = jé nesas-{{blue|tu}} |gloss = who kill.animate.subject-PAST.PFV.3SG.M{{blue|>4SG.M}} |translation = Whom did he kill?/Who is it he killed?}}
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| ====Polar questions and focus====
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| Constituents fronted in front of the verb is the focused element. Without fronting, the question becomes a neutral question about the truth value. The "fourth person" object may be better seen as a type of [[w:inverse marking|inverse marking]]; it indicates that what is expected to be the subject (the noun preceding the verb, or otherwise the noun directly after the verb) is not the subject.
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| {{Gloss|phrase = Ei nesasú Júlèm?|IPA=/èinesasuꜜ júꜜlem/|morphemes = ei=nesasú J. |gloss = Q=kill.animate.subject.PAST.PFV.3SG.M>3SG.M |translation = Did Júlèm kill him? (or didn't he?)}}
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| {{Gloss|phrase = Ei nesastú Júlèm?|IPA=/èinesastuꜜ júꜜlem/|morphemes = ei=nesastú J. |gloss = Q=kill.animate.subject.PAST.PFV.3SG.M>4SG.M J. |translation = Did he kill Júlèm? (or didn't he?)}}
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| {{Gloss|phrase = Ei Júlèm nesasú?|IPA=/éijuꜜlem nèsasuꜜ/|morphemes = ei=nesasú J. |gloss = Q=J. kill.animate.subject.PAST.PFV.3SG.M>4SG.M |translation = Is Júlèm the one he killed?}}
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| {{Gloss|phrase = Ei Júlèm nesastú?|IPA=/éijuꜜlem nèsastuꜜ/|morphemes = ei=nesastú J. |gloss = Q=J. kill.animate.subject.PAST.PFV.3SG.M>3SG.M |translation = Is Júlèm the one who killed him?}}
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| {{Gloss|phrase = Ei ťá nesasú Júlèm?|IPA=/éit͡ʃ´aꜜ júꜜlem nèsasuꜜ/|morphemes = ei=ťá nesasú J. |gloss = Q=4SG.M kill.animate.subject.PAST.PFV.3SG.M>3SG.M |translation = Is he the one who killed Júlèm?}}
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| {{Gloss|phrase = Ei ťá nesanstú Júlèm?|IPA=/éit͡ʃ´aꜜ júꜜlem nèsastuꜜ/|morphemes = ei=ťá nesastú J. |gloss = Q=4SG.M kill.animate.subject.PAST.PFV.3SG.M.>4SG.M |translation = Is he the one Júlèm killed?}}
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| ====Possessives==== | | ====Possessives==== |
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| ====Indirect speech==== | | ====Indirect speech==== |
| If the complement clause's subject corefers with the subject of the main clause, it is left unstated in the complement clause. Otherwise the third- or fourth-person pronoun is used as the subject as appropriate. | | If the complement clause's subject corefers with the subject of the main clause, it is left unstated in the complement clause. Otherwise the third- or fourth-person pronoun is used as the subject as appropriate. |
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| ==="Impersonal" sentences=== | | ==="Impersonal" sentences=== |