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Tigol/Proto-Tigol: Difference between revisions
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Themsaran is my first constructed language, for my conworld of Hheergrem. The grammar and syntax emits an overpowering odor of Semitic/Celtic languages. The nonconcatenative (tonal) inflection... yeah, I reckon that's Semitic too. Aesthetially it has hints of Baltic, Germanic, Celtic, Semitic, Khmer and Gyeongsang Korean. Building upon a Biblical Hebrew-like grammar, the language is augmented with new features such as strict head-marking inflection, the applicative voice and borderline polysynthesis. So I guess it ends up a lot more like some Native American languages. | |||
==Background== | ==Background== | ||
The Themsaran language constitutes a [[Proto-Talsmic|separate branch]] of the Zachydic language family, along with other para-Themsaran languages which are spoken in the island of Tálsèm. Themsaran is a typological and lexical outlier in its family due to its long period of isolation and substrate influence. The language possesses strongly head-initial syntax, head-marking in both clauses and possessive NPs, mixed fusional and agglutinative inflection, and nominative-accusative morphosyntax. The name of the language comes from the Themsár region, from whose dialect arose the prestige language of the island. This elevated language existed in a state of diglossia with the diverse and often mutually unintelligible vernacular "dialects". | The '''Themsaran language''' constitutes a [[Proto-Talsmic|separate branch]] of the [[Zachydic languages|Zachydic]] language family, along with other para-Themsaran languages which are/were spoken in the island of Tálsèm. Themsaran is a typological and lexical outlier in its family due to its long period of isolation and substrate influence. The language possesses strongly head-initial syntax, head-marking in both clauses and possessive NPs, mixed fusional and agglutinative inflection, and nominative-accusative morphosyntax. The name of the language comes from the Themsár region, from whose dialect arose the prestige language of the island. This elevated language existed in a state of diglossia with the diverse and often mutually unintelligible vernacular "dialects". Classical Themsaran was used as a living language by the ruling class for a period spanning 600 years until its demise in the year ca. 220, and was continued to be used as an important literary and religious language on the island and surrounding mainland areas. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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| | | | ||
| k g | | k g | ||
|rowspan=2 | |rowspan=2| ħ~ʜ~ʢ~ʡ ⟨ħ⟩ | ||
| (ʔ) | | (ʔ) | ||
|- | |- | ||
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===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
Themsaran has six vowels, short and long. Short vowels have one mora (except for epenthetic ''e'' which has zero morae), and long vowels have two morae. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="graytable lightgraybg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="graytable lightgraybg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | ||
! style="width: 90px; "| | ! style="width: 90px; "| | ||
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| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
'''y ȳ''' is a close central half-rounded vowel. | |||
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Clitics, unmarked, phonologically behave as parts of the following word and inherit the tone of the following word. | Clitics, unmarked, phonologically behave as parts of the following word and inherit the tone of the following word. | ||
===Phonotactics=== | |||
The maximal syllable structure is CCCVCC, where V is any vowel or diphthong, the third consonant in the complex onset must be /j/, and the second consonant in the complex coda must be an obstruent. /ħ/ and /h/ are disallowed to occur in coda. Vowel hiatus is prohibited, as in Balto-Slavic and Semitic languages. | |||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
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''takv'''ēsrí''' | ''takv'''ēsrí''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="3" | '''Future imperfective''' | !colspan="3" |'''Future imperfective''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 60px; "| | !style="width: 60px; "| | ||
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|rowspan="2"| | |rowspan="2"| | ||
<!--sg--> | <!--sg--> | ||
''mól''' | '''''ká'''mól'''in'''''<br/> | ||
''nés''' | '''''ka'''nés'''en'''''<br/> | ||
'' | '''''ka'''tákv'''in''''' | ||
| | | | ||
<!--pl--> | <!--pl--> | ||
''mól''' | <!--sg--> | ||
''nés''' | '''''ká'''mól'''am'''''<br/> | ||
'' | '''''ka'''nés'''ām'''''<br/> | ||
'''''ka'''tákv'''iem''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
| | | | ||
<!--pl--> | <!--pl--> | ||
'''''ká'''mól'''it'''''<br/> | |||
'''''ka'''nés'''ait'''''<br/> | |||
'''''ka'''tákv'''iet''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|2.m | !|2.m | ||
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| | | | ||
<!--sg--> | <!--sg--> | ||
| | | | ||
<!--pl--> | <!--pl--> | ||
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| | | | ||
<!--sg--> | <!--sg--> | ||
| | | | ||
<!--pl--> | <!--pl--> | ||
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|rowspan="2"| | |rowspan="2"| | ||
<!--sg--> | <!--sg--> | ||
''mól'''chì'''''<br/> | |||
''nés'''àchì'''''<br/> | |||
''takv'''échì''''' | |||
| | | | ||
<!--pl--> | <!--pl--> | ||
''mól'''chym'''''<br/> | |||
''nés'''achym'''''<br/> | |||
''takv'''êchym''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
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| | | | ||
<!--sg--> | <!--sg--> | ||
''mól'''chè'''''<br/> | |||
''nés'''àche'''''<br/> | |||
''takv'''éche''''' | |||
| | | | ||
<!--pl--> | <!--pl--> | ||
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| | | | ||
<!--sg--> | <!--sg--> | ||
''mól'''chà'''''<br/> | |||
''nés'''àchà'''''<br/> | |||
''takv'''écha''''' | |||
| | | | ||
<!--pl--> | <!--pl--> | ||
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''mól'''chỳs''''' | ''mól'''chỳs''''' | ||
<br/>''nés'''àchỳs''''' | <br/>''nés'''àchỳs''''' | ||
<br/>gal'''êchỳs''''' | <br/>''gal'''êchỳs''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||