Tigol/Proto-Tigol: Difference between revisions

Tigol/Proto-Tigol (view source)

Revision as of 18:03, 18 August 2013

1,391 bytes added , 18 August 2013

no edit summary

Ílchőfti Lēmáthīd

6,788

edits

@@ Line 234: / Line 234: @@
 Nouns and adjectives have a rich morphology, albeit less ornate than verbs. They inflect for number, definiteness and possessedness, but not for case. Nouns have two genders, masculine and feminine. In third-person possessed forms, Themsaran makes a distinction, realized tonally, between the ''absolute'' possessed form, which indicates a noun possessed by a pronoun, and the ''conjunct'' possessed form, used to indicate a possessive relationship between two nouns and agreeing with the gender of the possessor.
-Definite forms are used as the vocative. Names of deities or deifications are primarily indefinite, but take definite agreement.
+Definite forms are used as the vocative. Names of proper names, deities or deifications are primarily indefinite, but take definite agreement.
 ====First declension====
@@ Line 315: / Line 315: @@
 |colspan="2"|''-ys''
 |colspan="2"|
-|colspan="2"|
+|colspan="2"|''-sra''
 |-
 !scope="row"|2pl.f
@@ Line 321: / Line 321: @@
 |colspan="2"|''-yth''
 |colspan="2"|
-|colspan="2"|
+|colspan="2"|''-sre''
 |-
 !scope="row"|3pl.m
@@ Line 427: / Line 427: @@
 |colspan="2"|''-ais''
 |colspan="2"|
-|colspan="2"|
+|colspan="2"|''-ansra''
 |-
 !scope="row"|2pl.f
@@ Line 433: / Line 433: @@
 |colspan="2"|''-aith''
 |colspan="2"|
-|colspan="2"|
+|colspan="2"|''-ansre''
 |-
 !scope="row"|3pl.m
@@ Line 574: / Line 574: @@
 ====Tonal patterns of nominals====
 Every noun falls under one of three tonal paradigms.
-*''kanûar'' ('sitting'): The most common paradigm, the downstep remains stationary, except for the downstep-attracting absolute possession suffixes.
+*''kanûar'' ('sitting'): The most common paradigm, the downstep remains stationary, except as required by downstep rules or in the presence of the downstep-attracting absolute possession suffixes.
+*''šanťîel'' ('shunning/evading'): The downstep is never on the suffix.
 ====Irregular nouns====
@@ Line 581: / Line 582: @@
 A descendant of a language with developed noun and adjective cases, Themsaran preserves vestigial case marking.
 =====Irregular definiteness=====
-The definite unpossessed inflection is a generalization from the accusative case, which marked the definite direct object in addition to adverbial uses, certain oblique objects and time expressions. As such definiteness is required in objects of a small number of prepositions and verbs, and some time expressions (e.g. ''nǐežȁm''/''minâm''/''krúamâm'' (< *''nējžȁ-mî'' etc., instead of **''nējžè-mî'') "today"/"tonight"/"tomorrow", ''krúamâ/ra̋zȁ/ħíŋšȁ/minâ'' "in the morning/at daytime/at dusk/at night") and adverbial expressions.
+The definite unpossessed inflection is a generalization from the accusative case, which marked the definite direct object in addition to adverbial uses, certain oblique objects and time expressions. As such definiteness is required in objects of a small number of prepositions and verbs, and some time expressions (e.g. ''nǐežȁm''/''minâm''/''krúamâm'' (< *''nējžȁ-mî'' etc., instead of **''nējžè-mî'') "today"/"tonight"/"tomorrow", ''nǐežȁť'' ("that day"), ''krúamâ/ra̋zȁ/ħíŋšȁ/minâ'' "in the morning/at daytime/at dusk/at night") and adverbial expressions.
 =====Fossilized oblique cases=====
 ===Adjectives===
-Adjectives agree in not only number, definiteness and gender with their heads, but also in possessedness. Adjectival declension disagrees with nouns in that absolute possessive form of adjectives modifies the conjunct possessive of nouns. Adjectives also take degree inflection (positive, "less/least", "more/most", elative, "X enough", "too X"). Adjectives exhibit tonal ablaut like those of nouns.
+Attributive adjectives agree in number, definiteness, gender and possessedness with their heads. Adjectival declension disagrees with nouns in that absolute possessive form of adjectives modifies the conjunct possessive of nouns. Predicate adjectives are declined differently. Adjectives also take degree inflection (positive, "less/least", "more/most", elative, "X enough", "too X"). Adjectives exhibit tonal ablaut like those of nouns.
 ====Declension====
 Adjectives are either declined in 1st declension in the masculine and the 2nd for feminine, or the 3rd declension for masculine and 2nd for feminine with an extra suffix ''-m-'' added between the stem and the ending.
+=====Predicate adjectives=====
+{| class="graytable lightgraybg " style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
+|-
+!colspan="3"|1st/2nd declension
+|-
+!|
+!|Singular
+!|Plural
+|-
+!|Masculine
+|''-e''
+|''-ū''
+|-
+!|Feminine
+|''-a''
+|''-ān''
+|}
+{| class="graytable lightgraybg " style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
+|-
+!colspan="3"|3rd declension
+|-
+!|
+!|Singular
+!|Plural
+|-
+!|Masculine
+|''-t''
+|''-tie''
+|-
+!|Feminine
+|''-m''
+|''-mtie''
+|}
 ====Degree====
-Adjectives with degree inflections may be nominalized to derive, for example, meanings such as "supreme strength" from "the very strongest".
+Adjectives with degree inflections may be nominalized to derive meanings such as "supreme strength" from "the very strongest".
 ====Irregular adjectives====
+====Adverb formation====
+The adverbial suffix is ''-ar'', and it can mean "[adjective]ly", or "like a [noun]" (latter meaning is less productive)
 ===Pronouns===
 ====Personal====
@@ Line 1,898: / Line 1,935: @@
 The following prepositions have completely regular inflection:
-* ''ašt'' (without)
+* ''ašt'' 'without'
-* ''dienem'' (inside, amidst)
+* ''chaŋ'' (''! definite object'') 'concerning'
-* ''flyr'' (agent)
+* ''dienem'' 'inside, amidst'
-* ''ħal'' (in front of)
+* ''flyr'' 'agent'
-* ''mel'' (agent,  interchangeable with ''flyr'')
+* ''ħal'' 'in front of'
-* ''rimên'' (because of (cause))
+* ''mel'' 'agent,  interchangeable with ''flyr'''
-* ''tor'' (because (implication))
+* ''rimên'' 'because of (cause)'
-* ''trig'' (around)
+* ''tor'' 'because (implication)'
+* ''trig'' 'around'
 ===Numerals===
@@ Line 1,942: / Line 1,980: @@
 |2
 |''títhâr''
-|''ŷdnaš''
+|''ŷrnàš''
 |
 |''tístlè''
@@ Line 1,959: / Line 1,997: @@
 |-
 |4
+|''mullé''
+|''mulláš''
 |
-|
+|''mulslé''
-|
-|
 |
 |
@@ Line 2,410: / Line 2,448: @@
 ==Derivational morphology==
+===Affixal===
+====Nouns and Adjectives====
 *''-índ-'': diminutive
-*''-īd'' (''f'', 3): abstract nouns
+*''-īd'' (''f'', 3): abstract noun
 *''-m-'': originating from [noun/adjective]
 *''-ol-'': pejorative
 *''-se'' (''f'', 2): singulative
+*''tir-'' non-, un-
+*semantic agent of [verb]
+*capable of agenthood
+*semantic patient
+*capable of patienthood
+*action of [verb]
+*resultative of [verb]
+*associated with [noun]
+*instrument
+*place
+*-ful
+*-less
+*manner of [verb]ing
+*[noun]-manship, proper way of [verb]ing/being [adjective]
+====Verbs====
+*intensive
+*iterative
+*momentane
+*see/depict as
+*[verb] to completion
+*un-, dis- (intransitive)
+*un-, dis- (transitive)
+===Compounding===
 ==Sample text==
@@ Line 2,425: / Line 2,490: @@
 '''Article 1'''
-''Ta̋ŋrèvi rôg itávō dûanach ie státhe̋dach sŋéfȉl ħalgīdîch ie láugvīdîch.''
+''Ta̋ŋrèvi rôg itávō dǔanȕ ie státhe̋dū sŋéfȉl ħalgīdîch ie láugvīdîch.''
-be.born.-{{sc|pres.3pl.m}} all human-{{sc|pl.def}} free.{{sc|pl.m}} and equal.{{sc|pl.m}} w.r.t. dignity-{{sc|3pl.m›def.sg}} and entitlement-{{sc|3pl.m›def.sg}}
+be.born.-{{sc|pres.3pl.m}} all human-{{sc|pl.def}} free.{{sc|pl.m.pred}} and equal.{{sc|pl.m.pred}} w.r.t. dignity-{{sc|3pl.m›def.sg}} and entitlement-{{sc|3pl.m›def.sg}}
 All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
-''Tor pláħévnier ťlâħe ie ftiļiny̋že vōjéch, širŋúr tolbasêich ān nadnék nai hélki šyrfǎmīd.''
+''Tor pláħévnier ťlâħe ie ftiļiny̋že vōjéch, širŋúre tolbasêich ān nadnék nai hélki šyrfǎmīd.''
-as.implied.by bestow.{{sc|pass}}.{{sc|first.inf}}-{{sc|3pl.f/conj}} reason and conscience DAT.{{sc|3pl.m}}, compulsory.{{sc|sg.m}} behave.{{sc|first.inf-3pl.m›def}} {{sc|com}} one.another {{sc|ins}} spirit-{{sc|3sg.f›indef.sg/conj}} brotherhood.
+as.implied.by bestow.{{sc|pass}}.{{sc|first.inf}}-{{sc|3pl.f/conj}} reason and conscience DAT.{{sc|3pl.m}}, compulsory.-{{sc|sg.m.pred}} behave.{{sc|first.inf-3pl.m›def}} {{sc|com}} one.another {{sc|ins}} spirit-{{sc|3sg.f›indef.sg/conj}} brotherhood.
 They have been endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
 [[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]