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'''Modern Windermere''' is the most dominant modern descendant of Old [[Windermere]], spoken all over Bjeheond and Fyxám and in much of Wen Dămea. | |||
==Todo== | |||
21 accents in Windermere? | |||
==Diachronics== | |||
===Phonological history=== | |||
*ə > 0 after aspirated consonants and fricatives. This makes the voicing alternation in the Classical Wdm. spirants ''f'' and ''th'' phonemic. | |||
*r > ɹ in the Rhythoed dialect (Talman Windermere has an Icelandic/Philly accent and Rhythoed has a British RP-ish accent) | |||
*l > ʟ in the Wen Dămea dialect | |||
*ł > ś, ş > ṣ | |||
===Grammatical history=== | |||
*Aspect largely becomes a derivational device, cf. the development of PIE aspects | |||
*Grammaticalization of conjugated auxiliaries, leading to a tense system. | |||
==Phonology== | |||
===Consonants=== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:700px;text-align:center;" | |||
! colspan="2" | | |||
! |Labial | |||
! |Dental | |||
! |Alveolar | |||
! |Retroflex | |||
! |Palatal | |||
! |Velar | |||
! |Uvular | |||
! |Glottal | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal | |||
| '''m''' /m/ | |||
| '''n''' /n/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''ng''' /ŋ/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |Plosive | |||
! |<small>unaspirated</small> | |||
| '''b''' /p~b/ | |||
| '''d''' /t~d/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''g''' /k~g/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! |<small>aspirated</small> | |||
| '''p''' /pʰ~p/ | |||
| '''t''' /tʰ~t/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''c''' /kʰ~k/ | |||
| | |||
| <b>'</b> /ʔ/ | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" style="" |Affricate | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''ts''' /ts/ | |||
| | |||
| '''tł''' /tɕ/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative | |||
! |<small>unvoiced</small> | |||
| '''f''' /f/ | |||
| '''th''' /θ/ | |||
| '''s''' /s/ | |||
| '''ș''' /ʂ/ | |||
| '''ł''' /ɕ/ | |||
| '''ch''' /x/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! |<small>voiced</small> | |||
| '''f’''' /v/ | |||
| '''th’''' /ð/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" |Resonant | |||
| '''w''' /w/ | |||
| | |||
|colspan="2"|'''r''' /ɹ~ɻ~r/ | |||
| '''y''' /j/ | |||
| | |||
| '''l''' /ʟ~ɫ/ | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
===Vowels=== | |||
{{col-begin}} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|+Short vowels | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="2" |Front | |||
! rowspan="2" |Central | |||
! rowspan="2" |Back | |||
|- | |||
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small> | |||
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small> | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Close | |||
| '''i''' /i/ | |||
| '''ü''' /y/ | |||
| | |||
| '''u''' /u/ | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Mid | |||
| '''e''' /ɛ/ | |||
| | |||
| '''ă''' /ə/ | |||
| '''o''' /ɔ/ | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Open | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''a''' /a/ | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|+Long vowels | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="2" |Front | |||
! rowspan="2" |Central | |||
! rowspan="2" |Back | |||
|- | |||
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small> | |||
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small> | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Close | |||
| '''ie''' /e:/ | |||
| '''üe''' /ø:/ | |||
| | |||
| '''ua''' /o:/ | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Mid | |||
| '''ea''' /ɛ:/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''oa''' /ɔ:/ | |||
|} | |||
{{col-end}} | |||
*Caveat: ir = ier, ur = uar, etc. | |||
*[ɨ ʉ] are allophones of /i y/ after /ʂ ɹ/. | |||
====The Rhythoed dialect==== | |||
Rhythoed Windermere (''Răth’oyd'') is non-rhotic: ''ir ür ur er or ar'' are pronounced /iə yə uə eə oə ɑə/. The stops ''b d g'' are voiced. The vowel ''ă'' is /ɨ/. | |||
====Vowels before /ʟ/==== | |||
===Stress=== | |||
Stress is almost always final, but can be non-final in function words. | |||
==Morphology== | |||
===Verbs=== | |||
Verbs are not conjugated, but are used with auxiliaries. | |||
===Auxiliaries=== | |||
====Tense auxiliaries==== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!| | |||
!I!!thou!!he!!she!!it!!we (exc.)!!we (inc.)!!you (pl.)!!they | |||
|- | |||
!|present | |||
|''mor''||''moł''||''mon''||''mos''||''mot''||''mots''||''mob''||''mong''||''mam'' | |||
|- | |||
!|preterite | |||
|''chear''||''cheał''||''chean''||''chels''||''chelt''||''chelts''||''chelb''||''cheang''||''cheam'' | |||
|- | |||
!|future | |||
|''per''||''perł''||''pern''||''pers''||''pert''||''perts''||''perb''||''perng''||''perm'' | |||
|} | |||
Emphatic auxiliaries: mor rie, moł łen, mon in ... | |||
==Syntax== | |||
AuxSVO | |||
:'''''Mor mi brits cdef clăbüh tef tsăgtsog.''''' | |||
:PRES-1SG LOC speak about-DEF love and-DEF hate | |||
:''I speak of love and hate.'' | |||
:'''''Mot fi rüech mi tsrin nef troas.''''' | |||
:PRES-it DEF bird LOC eat of-DEF seed | |||
:''The bird is eating a seed.'' |
Revision as of 02:23, 18 February 2018
Modern Windermere is the most dominant modern descendant of Old Windermere, spoken all over Bjeheond and Fyxám and in much of Wen Dămea.
Todo
21 accents in Windermere?
Diachronics
Phonological history
- ə > 0 after aspirated consonants and fricatives. This makes the voicing alternation in the Classical Wdm. spirants f and th phonemic.
- r > ɹ in the Rhythoed dialect (Talman Windermere has an Icelandic/Philly accent and Rhythoed has a British RP-ish accent)
- l > ʟ in the Wen Dămea dialect
- ł > ś, ş > ṣ
Grammatical history
- Aspect largely becomes a derivational device, cf. the development of PIE aspects
- Grammaticalization of conjugated auxiliaries, leading to a tense system.
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ng /ŋ/ | ||||||
Plosive | unaspirated | b /p~b/ | d /t~d/ | g /k~g/ | |||||
aspirated | p /pʰ~p/ | t /tʰ~t/ | c /kʰ~k/ | ' /ʔ/ | |||||
Affricate | ts /ts/ | tł /tɕ/ | |||||||
Fricative | unvoiced | f /f/ | th /θ/ | s /s/ | ș /ʂ/ | ł /ɕ/ | ch /x/ | ||
voiced | f’ /v/ | th’ /ð/ | |||||||
Resonant | w /w/ | r /ɹ~ɻ~r/ | y /j/ | l /ʟ~ɫ/ |
Vowels
|
|
- Caveat: ir = ier, ur = uar, etc.
- [ɨ ʉ] are allophones of /i y/ after /ʂ ɹ/.
The Rhythoed dialect
Rhythoed Windermere (Răth’oyd) is non-rhotic: ir ür ur er or ar are pronounced /iə yə uə eə oə ɑə/. The stops b d g are voiced. The vowel ă is /ɨ/.
Vowels before /ʟ/
Stress
Stress is almost always final, but can be non-final in function words.
Morphology
Verbs
Verbs are not conjugated, but are used with auxiliaries.
Auxiliaries
Tense auxiliaries
I | thou | he | she | it | we (exc.) | we (inc.) | you (pl.) | they | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
present | mor | moł | mon | mos | mot | mots | mob | mong | mam |
preterite | chear | cheał | chean | chels | chelt | chelts | chelb | cheang | cheam |
future | per | perł | pern | pers | pert | perts | perb | perng | perm |
Emphatic auxiliaries: mor rie, moł łen, mon in ...
Syntax
AuxSVO
- Mor mi brits cdef clăbüh tef tsăgtsog.
- PRES-1SG LOC speak about-DEF love and-DEF hate
- I speak of love and hate.
- Mot fi rüech mi tsrin nef troas.
- PRES-it DEF bird LOC eat of-DEF seed
- The bird is eating a seed.