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| ===== Finals ===== | | ===== Finals ===== |
| The Irrealis ''-hi'' is suffixed to the copula. It is obligatory for all Future tenses. It also surfaces in imperatives, yes-no questions which are marked with the ''-yo'' marker cliticizing to the first or second word of a sentence, as in ''Chire-yo tā'itá'-hi?'' "Did he die?", and in WH-questions when the event actually happening has not yet been established as having occurred; for example, ''Enket chire tā'itá'?'', "Where did he die?" implies that the person's death is a fact, and it is only the location that is being inquired, versus ''Enket chire tā'itá'-hi?'' implies that not only is the location unknown, but the person's actual death happening still remains to be established. An interesting structure, called the "double interrogative", is a combination of a WH-word followed by a word bearing the ''-yo'' clitic, which also turns the question into yes-no question: ''Enket chire-yo tā'itá'-hi?'', "Did he die, and if so, where?" The ''-hi'' suffix is believed to be cognate with the Minhast Irrealis clitic ''=š''. | | The Irrealis ''-hi'' is suffixed to the copula. It is obligatory for all Future tenses. It also surfaces in imperatives, yes-no questions which are marked with the ''-yo'' marker cliticizing to the first or second word of a sentence, as in ''Chire-yo tā'itá'-hi?'' "Did he die?", and in WH-questions when the event actually happening has not yet been established as having occurred; for example, ''Enket chire tā'itá'?'', "Where did he die?" implies that the person's death is a fact, and it is only the location that is being inquired, versus ''Enket chire tā'itá'-hi?'' implies that not only is the location unknown, but the person's actual death happening still remains to be established. An interesting structure, called the "double interrogative", is a combination of a WH-word followed by a word bearing the ''-yo'' clitic, which also turns the question into yes-no question: ''Enket chire-yo tā'itá'-hi?'', "Did he die, and if so, where?" The ''-hi'' suffix is believed to be cognate with the Minhast Irrealis clitic ''=š''. |
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| ====Positional and Motion Verbs====
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| As an example, the auxiliary ''kohán'' passivizes the clause, resulting in a one-argument clause containing only the logical Patient. Since there is only one core argument, the need for inverse marking no longer exists, and in fact the presence of both the passive auxiliary ''kohán'' and the inverse marker ''tā-/tāh-''' in the same sentence is ungrammatical. The same is true for the antipassive auxilliary ''norhe''/''norhâ'', that is the logical Patient is deleted leaving only the agent, and so once again, the presence of the inverse ''tā-/tāh-'' is ungrammatical. When either the Agent or the Patient has been deleted by the passive or antipassive auxiliaries, one thing that must be noted is that the demoted arguments are fully deleted. In other languages that have passives and/or antipassives, demoted core arguments need not be deleted, in fact in many languages the demoted argument may still be retained in the sentence, but this time as an oblique argument. Such is not the case in Nankôre; the former core argument cannot appear in the sentence.
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| The applicative verbs promote an Oblique argument to core status, thereby creating a derived Patient. This results in a transitive sentence, and the inverse marker ''tā-/tāh-'' once again can be used to disambiguate the roles of the core arguments if a lower-animacy argument is an Agent. Interestingly, unlike passivation and antipassivation, the demoted core argument, which is always the former Patient, can still appear in the clause as an Oblique argument, marked with the connective ''si-'' There are several of these auxiliaries, listed in the following table:
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| The Positional/Motion verbs usually appear at the beginning of the VP.
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
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| |+ style="font-weight:bold"| Table of Applicative Auxiliary Verbs
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| ! !! Positional/Motion Verb !! Sample Sentence !! Translation !! Comment
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| ! Directional
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| | sanha || Anut America sanha-kor kamuk itá. || Anut supposedly flew to America. || ''-kor'' = HEARSAY.EVID, attaches to the first verb of a VP.
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| ! Benefactive
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| | nasko|| Nanhoska karen tā-nasko-ro-kor eyna itá. || It is said the (sacred) tree gave (life) for the people.|| Note also the inverse marker ''tā-'' <br/>''-ro-'' = IMPF.
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| ! Commitative
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| | yampe || Anut yampe-kor temen itá || Anut walked beside the river with him.|| ''temen'' = to perform an activity by a river
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| ! Instrumental
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| | makôr || Ehok yurasna makôr-nahoyra-kor neat itá. || The adolescent struck (it) repeatedly with a club.|| ''-nahoyra-'' = Repetitive <br/> ''neat'', ''ne'at'' = INTENTIVE
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| ! Ablative
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| | risa || Shôni Nan Kamun Koryash risa-kor man itá || First Man emerged from (out of) the snow. || ''Shôni Nan'' "First Man" <br/>''Kamun Koryash'' "All Snow" (the birthplace of First Man)
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| ! Locative
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| | neyhi || Yonka asrok tāh-neyhi-kor akun ho itá. || The fly buzzed inside Yonka('s mouth) this morning.|| Note inverse marker ''-tāh'' <br/> ''asrok'' = fly, insect <br/> ''ho'' = earlier this morning.
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| ! Vialis
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| | nahke || Pohak tā-nahke-nui shokor-ken ka itá || I saw the river take you through the cave. || ''pohak'' = cave <br/>''shokor'' = to flow<br/>''-ken-'' = CAUS<br/> ''-nui-'' = VIS.EVID
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| ! Prolative
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| | roshkar || Ak piri roshkar hô'itá'. || I crossed the street earlier this morning || ''piri'' = street, road, path
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| ! Superessive
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| | oros || Ayôhe arupenrô oros-kor yaunke hô'itá.|| The airplane flew over Ayôhe township earlier this morning.|| ''arupenrô'' = airplane <br/> ''yaunke'' = to fly
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| ! Subessive
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| | yorha || Ekurki saska yorha-ro-kor kahoro itá. || The turtle swam underneath the ice.|| ''ekurki'' = turtle <br/>''saska'' = ice<br/>kahoro = ''to swim''
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| ! Ablative-Superessive
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| | isuk || (Example)|| (Example)||
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| ! Ablative-Subessive
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| | royna || (Example)|| (Example)||
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| ! Riverine
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| | temen|| No si-kurasno temen-kor rohnas itá.|| The girls supposedly were playing by the river.||
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| ! Montaigne
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| | yayak|| Kahno chôri yayak chire itá || The boy went up the mountain.||
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| |}
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| These auxiliaries are often confused for adpositions, or relational nouns, but unlike adpositions and locative nouns, these auxiliaries are full-fledged verbs. If inverse marking is required, the prefix ''tā/tāh'' is still prefixed to the auxiliary verb. Likewise, aspect and modality markers are attached to the auxiliary, a process that occurs only with verbs in the language, never with nouns. Moreover, these auxiliaries can stand alone as independent verbs, such as ''Kosmakis Anut yampe itá'' "Anut walked with Koshmak" (''yampe '' = to be arm-in-arm; c.f. ''yanup'' "elbow").
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| ====Derivation ==== | | ====Derivation ==== |