Qino: Difference between revisions
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'''Notes:''' | '''Notes:''' | ||
*The Class 1 forms ending in an accented vowel lose the accent when non-final, unfocused, or used descriptively and lengthen the final vowel when used interrogatively - e.g. ''Cali arká'' "I see Ali"; ''Cáli arka'' "I see ''Ali''"; ''yarka nama'' "person who sees"; ''Cali tarkaa?'' "Do you see Ali?" | *The Class 1 forms ending in an accented vowel lose the accent when non-final, unfocused, or used descriptively and lengthen the final vowel when used interrogatively - e.g. ''Cali arká'' "I see Ali"; ''Cáli arka'' "I see ''Ali''"; ''yarka nama'' "person who sees"; ''Cali tarkaa?'' "Do you see Ali?" | ||
*Like the homophonous interrogative particle, the negation particle ''ma'' can be accented and attached to the verb, in which case the verb loses its accent - e.g. ''ma yarkó = máyarko'' "he does not see" | |||
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*Verbs can be used descriptively before a noun. The verb is always in the singular. Adjectives can pluralize by reduplication - e.g. ''dheere nama'' "tall person" vs ''dheedheere nama'' "tall people" | *Verbs can be used descriptively before a noun. The verb is always in the singular. Adjectives can pluralize by reduplication - e.g. ''dheere nama'' "tall person" vs ''dheedheere nama'' "tall people" | ||
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*Main clause: | *Main clause: | ||
**Affirmative: "Imperfect affirmative" - e.g. ''yarká'' "he sees" | **Affirmative: "Imperfect affirmative" - e.g. ''yarká'' "he sees" | ||
**Negative: ''ma'' + "Imperfect subordinate" - e.g. ''ma yarkó'' "he does not see" | **Negative: ''ma'' + "Imperfect subordinate" - e.g. ''ma yarkó = máyarko'' "he does not see" | ||
*Subordinate clause: | *Subordinate clause: | ||
**Affirmative: "Imperfect subordinate" - e.g. ''yarkonoo'' "so that he sees" | **Affirmative: "Imperfect subordinate" - e.g. ''yarkonoo'' "so that he sees" | ||
**Negative: ''ma'' + "Imperfect subordinate negative" - e.g. ''ma yarkinonoo'' "so that he does not see" (or can use compound tense - see below) | **Negative: ''ma'' + "Imperfect subordinate negative" - e.g. ''ma yarkinonoo = mayarkinonoo'' "so that he does not see" (or can use compound tense - see below) | ||
======Simple past====== | ======Simple past====== | ||
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*Main clause: | *Main clause: | ||
**Affirmative: "Perfect affirmative" - e.g. ''yarké'' "he saw" | **Affirmative: "Perfect affirmative" - e.g. ''yarké'' "he saw" | ||
**Negative: ''ma'' + "Perfect negative" - e.g. ''ma yarkiné'' "he did not see" | **Negative: ''ma'' + "Perfect negative" - e.g. ''ma yarkiné = máyarkine'' "he did not see" | ||
*Subordinate clause: | *Subordinate clause: | ||
**Affirmative: "Perfect affirmative" - e.g. ''yarkenas'' "because he saw" | **Affirmative: "Perfect affirmative" - e.g. ''yarkenas'' "because he saw" | ||
**Negative: ''ma'' + "Perfect negative" - e.g. ''ma yarkinenas '' "because he did not see" (or can use compound tense - see below) | **Negative: ''ma'' + "Perfect negative" - e.g. ''ma yarkinenas = mayarkinenas'' "because he did not see" (or can use compound tense - see below) | ||
======Imperative====== | ======Imperative====== | ||
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*Used for a wish, command, etc, mostly in the first and third person. The second person uses the forms with ''t''. | *Used for a wish, command, etc, mostly in the first and third person. The second person uses the forms with ''t''. | ||
*Affirmative: ''haa'' + "Jussive affirmative" - e.g. ''haa yarkú'' "let him see!" | *Affirmative: ''haa'' + "Jussive affirmative" - e.g. ''haa yarkú'' "let him see!" | ||
*Negative: ''ma'' + "Jussive negative" - e.g. ''ma yarkinú'' "let him not see!" | *Negative: ''ma'' + "Jussive negative" - e.g. ''ma yarkinú = máyarkinu'' "let him not see!" | ||
=====Compound tenses/aspects===== | =====Compound tenses/aspects===== | ||
Unless otherwise indicated, these constructions can occur in any tense (including compound within reason). For (my) convenience, the descriptions are for the present. For other tenses, make the appropriate adjustments - e.g. ''an caami allid sugé'' "I was still about to eat" | |||
======Progressive====== | ======Progressive====== | ||
*Formed with infinitive + ''le'' "to have" (fused) | *Formed with infinitive + ''le'' "to have" (fused) | ||
*Indicates an action that is ongoing or in the near future. | *Indicates an action that is ongoing or in the near future. | ||
:e.g. ''an caamiliyé'' "I am eating"; ''at baxiliiché'' "you were leaving" | |||
:e.g. ''caamiliyé'' "I am eating"; ''baxiliiché'' "you were leaving" | |||
======Anticipative====== | ======Anticipative====== | ||
*Formed with infinitive + ''alli'' "to obtain" | *Formed with infinitive + ''alli'' "to obtain" | ||
*Indicates an action that expected to occur in the near future. Can be translated as "about to -". | *Indicates an action that expected to occur in the near future. Can be translated as "about to -". | ||
:e.g. ''an caami allá'' "I am about to eat"; ''at baxi tallé'' "you were about to leave" | |||
:e.g. ''caami allá'' "I am about to eat"; ''baxi tallé'' "you were about to leave" | |||
======Prospective====== | ======Prospective====== | ||
*Formed with infinitive + ''qabi'' "to do" | *Formed with infinitive + ''qabi'' "to do" | ||
*Indicates an action that is expected to happen in the future (more distant than the anticipative). Can be translated as "going to -" | *Indicates an action that is expected to happen in the future (more distant than the anticipative). Can be translated as "going to -" | ||
:e.g. ''an caami qabá'' "I will/am going to eat"; ''at baxi qabdé'' "you were going to eat" | |||
:e.g. ''caami qabá'' " | |||
======Continuative====== | ======Continuative====== | ||
*Formed with infinitive + ''sugi'' "to stay, remain" | *Formed with infinitive + ''-d'' + ''sugi'' "to stay, remain" | ||
*Indicates that an action is still happening. | *Indicates that an action that is still happening. It can also be used instead of the progressive to emphasize the ongoingness of the action. | ||
:e.g. ''an caamid sugá'' "I am (still) eating"; ''at baxid sugdé'' "you were (still) leaving" | |||
:e.g. '' | |||
======Others====== | |||
*Infinitive + ''weeyi'' "to miss" = "to fail to -". In the perfect, subordinate, and jussive can be used instead of the negative - e.g. ''an caami weeyé'' "I failed to eat/ I did not eat" | |||
*Perfect converb + ''sugi'' can be used to form anterior tenses - e.g. ''an caamee sugá'' "I have eaten", ''an caamee sugé'' "I had eaten", ''an caamee sugi qabá'' "I will have eaten" | |||
=====Converbs===== | =====Converbs===== | ||
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::''Ka mana <b>galtaa</b> kitaaba ka sheentá.'' "'''Entering''' the house, she gives him a book." | ::''Ka mana <b>galtaa</b> kitaaba ka sheentá.'' "'''Entering''' the house, she gives him a book." | ||
::''<b>Furanii</b> dhalatté.'' "She was born '''free'''." | ::''<b>Furanii</b> dhalatté.'' "She was born '''free'''." | ||
:: | |||
The perfect converb is used for an actions that occur subsequently to each other. It is formed with the suffix ''-ee'' for classes 1 & 2 and ''-iishii'' for class 3. | The perfect converb is used for an actions that occur subsequently to each other. It is formed with the suffix ''-ee'' for classes 1 & 2 and ''-iishii'' for class 3. | ||