Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions

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|-

! 1

| 1 || '''~~leila~~''' || lahīla || ~~leiluhaicē~~ || ~~māgleila~~ ''(adv.)'' ~~leilarvīm~~ || lahīlvāṭ

| 1 || '''emibe''' ''emi'' || lahīla || emibhaicē || māgemibe ''(adv.)'' emibervīm || lahīlvāṭ

|-

! 2

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|-

! 11

| 13 || '''~~lelimaye~~''' || ~~lelimayinde~~ || ~~lelimaintām~~ || ~~lelimaihaicē~~ || ~~lelimairvīm~~ || ~~lelimayindvāṭ~~

| 13 || '''emibumaye''' || emibumayinde || emibumaintām || emibumaihaicē || emibumairvīm || emibumayindvāṭ

|-

! 12

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| 24 || '''hælьmāmei''' || hælьmāminde || hælьmāmintām || hælьmāmeihaicē || hælьmāmairvīm || hælьmāmindvāṭ

|}

As for the two forms for one, ''emi'' is used in disjunctive counting (e.g. count-ins or countdowns) while ''emibe'' is used elsewhere. Compounds always have the full form, i.e. forms such as *hælьmāmyemi do not exist.

Numbers from 2012 above are simply made by compounding teens and units with the appropriate saṃdhi changes, like 2112 (2510) ''~~hælьmāmileila~~'', and then ''hælьmāmidani'', ''hælьmāmipāmvi'', and so on. Note that other compounds with 6 use -tulūɂa and not -vælka as in 1612.

Numbers from 2012 above are simply made by compounding teens and units with the appropriate saṃdhi changes, like 2112 (2510) ''hælьmāmyemibe'', and then ''hælьmāmidani'', ''hælьmāmipāmvi'', and so on. Note that other compounds with 6 use -tulūɂa and not -vælka as in 1612.

The other dozens are:

: '''30''' (3610) pāmvimāmei

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The apparent irregularities in the words for 6012, 7012, and Ɛ012 are explained by etymology: ''vælka'' is the reflex of PLB *wewənko, which meant “half”, thus ''vælknihæla'' is “half hundred” and ''māmyāvælka'' is “twelve on half”; ''māmimīram'' is literally “twelve [less] from ahead”. 1312 originally meant "one finger/three (''pāmvi'', the word for three, derives from ''pamih'', meaning "finger") in the second [dozen]", where the ''-hælī'' part is a worn form of ''hælinaika''.

Numbers from 10012 to ƐƐƐ12 are still compounds, e.g. ''~~nihælaleil~~'', ''nihæladani'', and so on. Note that 16012 is most commonly ''nihæltulūɂa'', but the more literary form ''nihælvælka'' may still be heard.

Numbers from 10012 to ƐƐƐ12 are still compounds, e.g. ''nihælaimibe'', ''nihæladani'', and so on. Note that 16012 is most commonly ''nihæltulūɂa'', but the more literary form ''nihælvælka'' may still be heard.

The other dozenal hundreds are:

: '''200''' (28810) daninihæla

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: '''ᘔ00''' (144010) tåldanihæla

: '''Ɛ00''' (158410) vældenihæla.

'''1.000''' (172810) is ''tildhā'' and numbers above are separate words, without saṃdhi, e.g. '''6.2ᘔ9''' (1078510) ''tulūɂa tildhā daninihælatåldimāmimoja''.

'''1.000''' (172810) is ''tildhā'' and numbers above are separate words, without saṃdhi, e.g. '''1.001''' ''tildhā emibe'', '''6.2ᘔ9''' (1078510) ''tulūɂa tildhā daninihælatåldimāmimoja''.

Note that 2.00012 may be either one of ''tildhāt'', ''dani tildhā'', or (only emphatically) ''dani tildhāt''.

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====Declensions of cardinal numbers====

Some cardinal numbers are declined for case, but this is usually only done in formal Chlouvānem. Informal Chlouvānem only declines ''~~leila~~'', often with an analogical pattern based on '''1h''' nouns. Only the numbers from '''1''' to '''Ɛ''' as well as ''nihæla'' and its compounds decline as such. ''tildhā'', ''(lalla)raicē'', and ''(lalla)taiskaucis'' are always declined, but they are fully nouns.

Some cardinal numbers are declined for case, but this is usually only done in formal Chlouvānem. Informal Chlouvānem only declines ''emibe'', often with an analogical pattern based on '''2h''' (''-eh'') nouns. Only the numbers from '''1''' to '''Ɛ''' as well as ''nihæla'' and its compounds decline as such. ''tildhā'', ''(lalla)raicē'', and ''(lalla)taiskaucis'' are always declined, but they are fully nouns.

{| class="wikitable"

|-

! rowspan=2 | Case !! rowspan=2 | ''~~leila~~'' !! i-paradigm !! a-paradigm !! en-paradigm

! rowspan=2 | Case !! rowspan=2 | ''emibe'' !! i-paradigm !! a-paradigm !! en-paradigm

|-

! ''dani'', ''pāmvi'', ''nęlte'' !! 5 to 10<ref>''chīka'' has the stem ''chīcæ-'' before consonants.</ref> !! ''vælden'' only

|-

! Direct Vocative

| '''~~leila~~''' || '''dani''' || '''šulka''' || '''vælden'''

| '''emibe''' || '''dani''' || '''šulka''' || '''vælden'''

|-

! Accusative

| ~~leilu~~ || daniu || šulku || vældu

| emiyu || daniu || šulku || vældu

|-

! Ergative

| ~~leis<ref>''leils'' is attested in Archaic Chlouvānem.</ref>~~ || danies || šulkes || vældes

| emeis || danies || šulkes || vældes

|-

! Genitive

| ~~leilь~~ || danь<ref>''pāmvi'' is unchanged; ''nęlte'' has the form ''nęlitь''.</ref> || šulki || vældi

| emibī || danь<ref>''pāmvi'' is unchanged; ''nęlte'' has the form ''nęlitь''.</ref> || šulki || vældi

|-

! Translative

| ~~leilan~~ || danin || šulkan || vældanna

| emiban || danin || šulkan || vældanna

|-

! Exessive

| ~~leilat~~ || danit || šulkat || vældanta

| emibat || danit || šulkat || vældanta

|-

! Essive

| ~~leiląa~~ || danią || šulkąa || vældąs

| emibę || danią || šulkąa || vældąs

|-

! Dative

| ~~leilå~~ || daniå || šulkå || vældå

| emibå || daniå || šulkå || vældå

|-

! Ablative

| ~~leilų~~ || danių || šulkų || vældų

| emiyų || danių || šulkų || vældų

|-

! Locative

| ~~leilь~~ || danie || šulke || vælde

| emiye || danie || šulke || vælde

|-

! Instrumental

| ~~leilьni~~ || ~~danьni<ref>''pāmvi'' has ''pāmvini'', ''nęlte'' has ''nęltьni''.</ref>~~ || ~~šulkñi<ref>''tulūni'', ''chīcæni'', ''tītьni'', ''mojñi'', ''tåldьni''.</ref>~~ || ~~vældьni~~

| emīp || danip || šulkip || vældampa

|}

@@ Line 1,422: / Line 1,422: @@
 |-
 ! 1
-| 1 || '''leila''' || lahīla || leiluhaicē || māgleila <small>''(adv.)''</small><br/>leilarvīm || lahīlvāṭ
+| 1 || '''emibe'''<br/>''emi'' || lahīla || emibhaicē || māgemibe <small>''(adv.)''</small><br/>emibervīm || lahīlvāṭ
 |-
 ! 2
@@ Line 1,458: / Line 1,458: @@
 |-
 ! 11
-| 13 || '''lelimaye''' || lelimayinde || lelimaintām || lelimaihaicē || lelimairvīm || lelimayindvāṭ
+| 13 || '''emibumaye''' || emibumayinde || emibumaintām || emibumaihaicē || emibumairvīm || emibumayindvāṭ
 |-
 ! 12
@@ Line 1,493: / Line 1,493: @@
 | 24 || '''hælьmāmei''' || hælьmāminde || hælьmāmintām || hælьmāmeihaicē || hælьmāmairvīm || hælьmāmindvāṭ
 |}
+As for the two forms for one, ''emi'' is used in disjunctive counting (e.g. count-ins or countdowns) while ''emibe'' is used elsewhere. Compounds always have the full form, i.e. forms such as *hælьmāmyemi do not exist.
-Numbers from 20<sub>12</sub> above are simply made by compounding teens and units with the appropriate saṃdhi changes, like 21<sub>12</sub> <small>(25<sub>10</sub>)</small> ''hælьmāmileila'', and then ''hælьmāmidani'', ''hælьmāmipāmvi'', and so on. Note that other compounds with 6 use -tulūɂa and not -vælka as in 16<sub>12</sub>.<br/>
+Numbers from 20<sub>12</sub> above are simply made by compounding teens and units with the appropriate saṃdhi changes, like 21<sub>12</sub> <small>(25<sub>10</sub>)</small> ''hælьmāmyemibe'', and then ''hælьmāmidani'', ''hælьmāmipāmvi'', and so on. Note that other compounds with 6 use -tulūɂa and not -vælka as in 16<sub>12</sub>.<br/>
 The other dozens are:
 : '''30''' <small>(36<sub>10</sub>)</small> pāmvimāmei
@@ Line 1,508: / Line 1,509: @@
 The apparent irregularities in the words for 60<sub>12</sub>, 70<sub>12</sub>, and Ɛ0<sub>12</sub> are explained by etymology: ''vælka'' is the reflex of PLB *wewənko, which meant “half”, thus ''vælknihæla'' is “half hundred” and ''māmyāvælka'' is “twelve on half”; ''māmimīram'' is literally “twelve [less] from ahead”. 13<sub>12</sub> originally meant "one finger/three (''pāmvi'', the word for three, derives from ''pamih'', meaning "finger") in the second [dozen]", where the ''-hælī'' part is a worn form of ''hælinaika''.
-Numbers from 100<sub>12</sub> to ƐƐƐ<sub>12</sub> are still compounds, e.g. ''nihælaleil'', ''nihæladani'', and so on. Note that 160<sub>12</sub> is most commonly ''nihæltulūɂa'', but the more literary form ''nihælvælka'' may still be heard.<br/>
+Numbers from 100<sub>12</sub> to ƐƐƐ<sub>12</sub> are still compounds, e.g. ''nihælaimibe'', ''nihæladani'', and so on. Note that 160<sub>12</sub> is most commonly ''nihæltulūɂa'', but the more literary form ''nihælvælka'' may still be heard.<br/>
 The other dozenal hundreds are:
 : '''200''' <small>(288<sub>10</sub>)</small> daninihæla
@@ Line 1,520: / Line 1,521: @@
 : '''ᘔ00''' <small>(1440<sub>10</sub>)</small> tåldanihæla
 : '''Ɛ00''' <small>(1584<sub>10</sub>)</small> vældenihæla.
-'''1.000''' <small>(1728<sub>10</sub>)</small> is ''tildhā'' and numbers above are separate words, without saṃdhi, e.g. '''6.2ᘔ9''' <small>(10785<sub>10</sub>)</small> ''tulūɂa tildhā daninihælatåldimāmimoja''.<br/>
+'''1.000''' <small>(1728<sub>10</sub>)</small> is ''tildhā'' and numbers above are separate words, without saṃdhi, e.g. '''1.001''' ''tildhā emibe'', '''6.2ᘔ9''' <small>(10785<sub>10</sub>)</small> ''tulūɂa tildhā daninihælatåldimāmimoja''.<br/>
 Note that 2.000<sub>12</sub> may be either one of ''tildhāt'', ''dani tildhā'', or (only emphatically) ''dani tildhāt''.
@@ Line 1,538: / Line 1,539: @@
 ====Declensions of cardinal numbers====
-Some cardinal numbers are declined for case, but this is usually only done in formal Chlouvānem. Informal Chlouvānem only declines ''leila'', often with an analogical pattern based on '''1h''' nouns. Only the numbers from '''1''' to '''Ɛ''' as well as ''nihæla'' and its compounds decline as such. ''tildhā'', ''(lalla)raicē'', and ''(lalla)taiskaucis'' are always declined, but they are fully nouns.
+Some cardinal numbers are declined for case, but this is usually only done in formal Chlouvānem. Informal Chlouvānem only declines ''emibe'', often with an analogical pattern based on '''2h''' (''-eh'') nouns. Only the numbers from '''1''' to '''Ɛ''' as well as ''nihæla'' and its compounds decline as such. ''tildhā'', ''(lalla)raicē'', and ''(lalla)taiskaucis'' are always declined, but they are fully nouns.
 {| class="wikitable"
 |-
-! rowspan=2 | Case !! rowspan=2 | ''leila'' !! i-paradigm !! a-paradigm !! en-paradigm
+! rowspan=2 | Case !! rowspan=2 | ''emibe'' !! i-paradigm !! a-paradigm !! en-paradigm
 |-
 ! <small>''dani'', ''pāmvi'', ''nęlte''</small> !! <small>5 to 10<ref>''chīka'' has the stem ''chīcæ-'' before consonants.</ref></small> !! <small>''vælden'' only</small>
 |-
 ! Direct<br/>Vocative
-| '''leila''' || '''dani''' || '''šulka''' || '''vælden'''
+| '''emibe''' || '''dani''' || '''šulka''' || '''vælden'''
 |-
 ! Accusative
-| leilu || daniu || šulku || vældu
+| emiyu || daniu || šulku || vældu
 |-
 ! Ergative
-| leis<ref>''leils'' is attested in Archaic Chlouvānem.</ref> || danies || šulkes || vældes
+| emeis || danies || šulkes || vældes
 |-
 ! Genitive
-| leilь || danь<ref>''pāmvi'' is unchanged; ''nęlte'' has the form ''nęlitь''.</ref> || šulki || vældi
+| emibī || danь<ref>''pāmvi'' is unchanged; ''nęlte'' has the form ''nęlitь''.</ref> || šulki || vældi
 |-
 ! Translative
-| leilan || danin || šulkan || vældanna
+| emiban || danin || šulkan || vældanna
 |-
 ! Exessive
-| leilat || danit || šulkat || vældanta
+| emibat || danit || šulkat || vældanta
 |-
 ! Essive
-| leiląa || danią || šulkąa || vældąs
+| emibę || danią || šulkąa || vældąs
 |-
 ! Dative
-| leilå || daniå || šulkå || vældå
+| emibå || daniå || šulkå || vældå
 |-
 ! Ablative
-| leilų || danių || šulkų || vældų
+| emiyų || danių || šulkų || vældų
 |-
 ! Locative
-| leilь || danie || šulke || vælde
+| emiye || danie || šulke || vælde
 |-
 ! Instrumental
-| leilьni || danьni<ref>''pāmvi'' has ''pāmvini'', ''nęlte'' has ''nęltьni''.</ref> || šulkñi<ref>''tulūni'', ''chīcæni'', ''tītьni'', ''mojñi'', ''tåldьni''.</ref> || vældьni
+| emīp || danip || šulkip || vældampa
 |}