Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions

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The ''reported'' evidential marks something the speaker does not know first hand; it is formed by adding '''-adm-''' at the end of the stem, e.g. ''yųladmē'' "it is said that it is being eaten"; ''yųladmāhai'' "it is said that they are being eaten"; ''yųladmegde'' "it is said that (s)he eats". The interior form has '''-irdm-''' (cf. ''yųlirdmē''), the causative exterior '''-ildm-''' (cf. ''yųlildmē''), and the causative interior '''-ildṛdm-''' (cf. ''yųlildṛdmē'').

=== The consequential secondary moods===

===The consequential secondary moods===

The two consequential secondary moods can actually be tertiary moods, as they can be added to evidential secondary moods too.

The two consequential secondary moods can actually be tertiary moods, as they can be added to evidential secondary moods too. They are formed in a similar way to evidentials

The consequential mood of cause is formed by adding '''-~~anai~~(r)-''' to the verb stem. For example ''pūnu'' → ''~~pūnanairu~~'' (given that I work, ...); ''pupūṃsi'' → ''~~pupūṃsanairi~~'' (given that you want to work, ...).

The consequential mood of cause is formed by adding '''-(n)ār-''' (INT.: ''-irāl-''; CAUS. EXT.: ''-ildār-''; CAUS. INT.: ''-ildṝl-'') to the verb stem. For example ''pūnu'' → ''pūnāru'' (given that I work, ...); ''pupūṃsi'' → ''pupūṃsāri'' (given that you want to work, ...).

The consequential mood of opposition is similarly formed by adding '''-~~antsu~~(k)-''' to the verb stem. For example ''pūnu'' → ''~~pūnantsū~~'' (even if I work, ...); ''pupūṃsi'' → ''~~pupūṃsantsuki~~'' (even if you want to work, ...).

The consequential mood of opposition is similarly formed by adding '''-uts-''' (INT.: ''-irts-''; CAUS. EXT.: ''-ilduts-''; CAUS. INT.: ''-ildṝts-'') to the verb stem. For example ''pūnu'' → ''pūnutsu'' (even if I work, ...); ''pupūṃsi'' → ''pupūṃsutsi'' (even if you want to work, ...).

~~Consequentials for~~ evidentials ~~convert the latter to ''-ke'' forms first~~, ~~so that:~~

These forms can easily be formed also starting from evidentials, e.g. ''pūnannē'' → ''pūnannārē'' (given that, apparently, (s)he works, ...); ''pūnākek'' → ''pūnākutsek'' (even if, apparently, (s)he worked, but probably didn't, ...).

* Visual: ''-sen'' → ''-selk(e~~)-''~~

* First inferential: ''-eru'' → ''-eruk(e)''

* Second inferential: ''-uyo'' → ''-uyok(e)''

* Reportative: ''-ode'' → ''odek(e)''

~~The added consequential morphemes are just ''-ai(r)-'' and ''-tsu(k)-'' respectively~~.

~~Examples:~~ ''~~pūnaneru~~'' → ''~~pūnanerukairē~~'' (given that, apparently, (s)he ~~worked~~, ...); ''~~pūnanuyo~~'' → ''~~pūnanuyoketsukē~~'' (even if, apparently, (s)he worked, but probably didn't, ...).

===Impersonal verbs===

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 The ''reported'' evidential marks something the speaker does not know first hand; it is formed by adding '''-adm-''' at the end of the stem, e.g. ''yųladmē'' "it is said that it is being eaten"; ''yųladmāhai'' "it is said that they are being eaten"; ''yųladmegde'' "it is said that (s)he eats". The interior form has '''-irdm-''' (cf. ''yųlirdmē''), the causative exterior '''-ildm-''' (cf. ''yųlildmē''), and the causative interior '''-ildṛdm-''' (cf. ''yųlildṛdmē'').
-=== The consequential secondary moods===
+===The consequential secondary moods===
-The two consequential secondary moods can actually be tertiary moods, as they can be added to evidential secondary moods too.
+The two consequential secondary moods can actually be tertiary moods, as they can be added to evidential secondary moods too. They are formed in a similar way to evidentials
-The consequential mood of cause is formed by adding '''-anai(r)-''' to the verb stem. For example ''pūnu'' → ''pūnanairu'' (given that I work, ...); ''pupūṃsi'' → ''pupūṃsanairi'' (given that you want to work, ...).<br/>
+The consequential mood of cause is formed by adding '''-(n)ār-''' (<small>INT.:</small> ''-irāl-''; <small>CAUS. EXT.:</small> ''-ildār-''; <small>CAUS. INT.:</small> ''-ildṝl-'') to the verb stem. For example ''pūnu'' → ''pūnāru'' (given that I work, ...); ''pupūṃsi'' → ''pupūṃsāri'' (given that you want to work, ...).<br/>
-The consequential mood of opposition is similarly formed by adding '''-antsu(k)-''' to the verb stem. For example ''pūnu'' → ''pūnantsū'' (even if I work, ...); ''pupūṃsi'' → ''pupūṃsantsuki'' (even if you want to work, ...).
+The consequential mood of opposition is similarly formed by adding '''-uts-''' (<small>INT.:</small> ''-irts-''; <small>CAUS. EXT.:</small> ''-ilduts-''; <small>CAUS. INT.:</small> ''-ildṝts-'') to the verb stem. For example ''pūnu'' → ''pūnutsu'' (even if I work, ...); ''pupūṃsi'' → ''pupūṃsutsi'' (even if you want to work, ...).
-Consequentials for evidentials convert the latter to ''-ke'' forms first, so that:
+These forms can easily be formed also starting from evidentials, e.g. ''pūnannē'' → ''pūnannārē'' (given that, apparently, (s)he works, ...); ''pūnākek'' → ''pūnākutsek'' (even if, apparently, (s)he worked, but probably didn't, ...).
-* Visual: ''-sen'' → ''-selk(e)-''
-* First inferential: ''-eru'' → ''-eruk(e)''
-* Second inferential: ''-uyo'' → ''-uyok(e)''
-* Reportative: ''-ode'' → ''odek(e)''
-The added consequential morphemes are just ''-ai(r)-'' and ''-tsu(k)-'' respectively.
-Examples: ''pūnaneru'' → ''pūnanerukairē'' (given that, apparently, (s)he worked, ...); ''pūnanuyo'' → ''pūnanuyoketsukē'' (even if, apparently, (s)he worked, but probably didn't, ...).
 ===Impersonal verbs===