Holenagic: Difference between revisions
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===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! → PoA <br/> ↓ Manner !! Labial !! Labiodental !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular | |||
|- | |||
! Nasals | |||
| m || || n̥ nᵞ nʲ || || ŋ̊ ŋ | |||
|- | |||
! Plosives | |||
| p b || || t d || || k ɡ || q | |||
|- | |||
! Affricates | |||
| || || ts dz || tɕ dʑ cç || || | |||
|- | |||
! Fricatives | |||
| || f v || s z || ʃ ʒ ç || x ɣ || | |||
|- | |||
! Laterals | |||
| || || l̥ lᵞ || ʎ || || | |||
|- | |||
! Trill | |||
| || || r̥ r rʲ || || || | |||
|- | |||
! Approximants | |||
| || || || j || w || | |||
|} | |||
All consonants except for /n̥ ŋ̊ cç q ç l̥ r̥ j w/ are part of morphophonemic soft-hard alternation pairs. They are the following: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Hard !! Soft | |||
|- | |||
| /m p b f v/ || [mlʲ plʲ blʲ flʲ vlʲ]<br/>/mʎ pʎ bʎ fʎ vʎ/ | |||
|- | |||
| /t d lᵞ r/ || /ts dz ʎ rʲ/ | |||
|- | |||
| /s z/ || /ʃ ʒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| /ŋ k ɡ x ɣ/ || /ŋj tɕ dʑ ç ç/ | |||
|} | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> | <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> | ||
===Morphophonology=== | ===Morphophonology=== | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Mutations=== | ===Mutations=== | ||
Revision as of 17:21, 25 March 2018
| Holenagic | |
|---|---|
| Hgoailnaighiäl kjeirsy hgoailnaighiäl | |
| Pronunciation | [[Help:IPA|[[ˈɣɔʎnadʒʒɛl] [ˈc͡çiːrsy ˈɣɔʎnadʒʒɛl]]]] |
| Created by | Lili21 |
| Date | Sep 2017 |
| Setting | Calémere |
| Ethnicity | Holenagics |
| Native speakers | 16,000,000 (2312) |
Evandorian languages
| |
Holenagic — natively called Hgoailnaighiäl [ˈɣɔʎnadʒʒɛl] or kjeirsy hgoailnaighiäl [ˈc͡çiːrsy ˈɣɔʎnadʒʒɛl]] — is a language of the planet of Calémere, spoken natively by about 13 million people on Holenagika (Hol.: Hgoailnaigkää [ˈɣɔʎnadʒkɛː] Ísc.: Holenágieca; Cer.: Holenájica; Chl.: Hålinaika), Calémere's largest island, located in the northwestern corner of Evandor (mostly covered by mountains, taiga, and tundra in the north).
It is an Evandorian language and an isolate in the family, as it developed early enough to have its own peculiarities, not shared with any other Evandorian language, both in the sounds and in the grammar - for example, it is the only Evandorian language to have developed person marking on verbs - cf. ehd [eː] "to reach" (< Proto-Evandorian *etmeȟ "to close"; cf. Íscégon and Cerian éma, Besagren ema (all "to finish")) and ehdvṅ [ˈejwəŋ] "he/she/it reaches" (cf. Ísc. and Cer. éma which needs a pronoun). Also notable are the various sound changes, which led Holenagic to develop many clusters; anyway, it is the only Evandorian language that has kept original /q/ and (often) /ŋ/ from Proto-Evandorian. These two consonants, extremely rare in the modern languages of the family, give Holenagic its unique sound, also because of their use in common words - cf. fuq "he", fqa "she".
It also keeps a highly etymological orthography, with many silent letters, as in hdieigv "road" /iːvʲ/ (Western Holenagic dialects: /iː/).
Introduction
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
| → PoA ↓ Manner |
Labial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasals | m | n̥ nᵞ nʲ | ŋ̊ ŋ | |||
| Plosives | p b | t d | k ɡ | q | ||
| Affricates | ts dz | tɕ dʑ cç | ||||
| Fricatives | f v | s z | ʃ ʒ ç | x ɣ | ||
| Laterals | l̥ lᵞ | ʎ | ||||
| Trill | r̥ r rʲ | |||||
| Approximants | j | w |
All consonants except for /n̥ ŋ̊ cç q ç l̥ r̥ j w/ are part of morphophonemic soft-hard alternation pairs. They are the following:
| Hard | Soft |
|---|---|
| /m p b f v/ | [mlʲ plʲ blʲ flʲ vlʲ] /mʎ pʎ bʎ fʎ vʎ/ |
| /t d lᵞ r/ | /ts dz ʎ rʲ/ |
| /s z/ | /ʃ ʒ/ |
| /ŋ k ɡ x ɣ/ | /ŋj tɕ dʑ ç ç/ |
Vowels
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Mutations
Nouns
Verbs
Present tense
The present tense endings are agglutinative, but all of them except 2SG and 3SG are added to the extended stem instead of the infinitive one (with the exception of 2PL if the extended stem ends in -ṅ).
| 1SG | 2SG | 3SG | 1PL | 2PL | 3PL | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Written | -* | -uis | -vṅ | -*viehh | -*hr | -*ves |
| Common pronunciation | ∅ | -uʃ | -wəŋ | -vʲəx | -r̥ | -vʲəʃ |
Examples:
- hjeilshn /ˈçiːʎəsn̥/ "to read", no ext. stem : hjeilshn, hjeilshnuis [ˈçiːʎəsn̥uʃ], hjeilshnvṅ [ˈçiːʎəsn̥əu̯ŋ], hjeilshnviehh [ˈçiːʎəsn̥ʲix], hjeilshnhr [ˈçiːʎəsn̥ər̥], hjeilsnves [ˈçiːʎəsn̥ʲɪu̯ʃ]
- ehd /ˈeː/ "to go out", ext. stem ehdṅ- : ehdṅ [ˈejəŋ], ehduis [ˈeɣuʃ], ehdvṅ [ˈewːəŋ], ehdṅviehh [ˈejŋvʲəx], ehdhr [ejr̥] ehdṅves [ejŋvʲəʃ]
Reflexive verbs use the following endings (all of them after the extended stem):
| 1SG | 2SG | 3SG | 1PL | 2PL | 3PL | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Written | -ohbd | -yhbd | -vuds | -eshb | -ykhbo | -vehhds |
| Common pronunciation | -oʊ̯d | -yːd | -vudz | -eʃoʊ̯ | -ytʃwo | -weːdz |
- bods orehg /bodz oˈreɪ̯/ "to go", ext. stem orehgl- : orehglohbd [oˈreɪ̯loʊ̯d], orehglyhbd [oˈreɪ̯lyːd], orehglvyds [oˈreɪ̯lvudz], orehgleshb [oˈreɪ̯leʃoʊ̯], orehglykhbo [oˈreɪ̯lytʃwo], orehglvehhds [oˈreɪ̯lweːdz]