Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions

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* '''subjunctive''' (''milkausire darišam'') - used to express general advices (jussive use), purpose (supine use), unreal things that may happen or might have happened, and also syntactically conditioned by some particles.

There are a few more forms that can't be strictly considered moods because they can appear in all of the five actual moods, and are thus called '''''junya''''', pl. '''''junyai''''' (literally "shade, hue, dye") by Chlouvānem grammarians: they are actually regular derivational patterns, that are considered inflectional due to them being possible for all verbs. There are ~~four~~ ''~~juniai~~'':

There are a few more forms that can't be strictly considered moods because they can appear in all of the five actual moods, and are thus called '''''junya''''', pl. '''''junyai''''' (literally "shade, hue, dye") by Chlouvānem grammarians: they are actually regular derivational patterns, that are considered inflectional due to them being possible for all verbs. There are five ''junyai'':

* '''desiderative''' (''daudyūkire junya'') - used to express a desire or will (e.g. I want to X);

* '''necessitative''' (''rileyūkire junya'') - used to express need or obligation (e.g. I have to X);

* '''potential''' (''novire junya'') - used to express the ability to do something (e.g. I can [= am able to] X, also "I may [= it is possible that I] X")

* '''permissive''' (''drippūkire junya'') - used to express the permission to do something (e.g. I can [= I’m allowed to] X)

* '''intensive''' (''caṃliven junya'') - typically denotes emphasis on a stronger effort for/in an action, or on its contrastive nature, or on its completeness and exhaustiveness.

Finally, there are a further two forms which are called "secondary moods" (''šudarišam'', pl. ''-šye''). They are two '''consequential moods''', the first one expressing ''cause'' (e.g. “because X”), and the other ''opposition'' (e.g. “although X”).

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* ''peithake'' “to go (multid.)”, → ''pūpeithūd-'' (pf. stem. ''epūpeithūd-'')

* ''nilyake'' “to think” → ''nīnilyūd-'' (pf. stem. ''inīnilyūd-'')

====The intensive ''junya''====

The '''intensive ''junya''''' are formed by reduplication with diachronical lengthening and the base vowel in the root, plus suffixed ''-ī-'':

* ''khluke'' "to search, look for" → *šūkhluī- → ''šūkhlī-'' (pf. ''ušūkhlī-'')

* ''męlike'' "to give" → ''myamęlī-'' (pf. ''emyamęlī-'')

* ''nilyake'' "to think" → ''nīnilī-''

* ''valde'' "to open" → ''vauldī-'' (morph. ''vā-uld-ī-''; pf. stem avauldī-)

* ''nāmvake'' "to crush" → ''nānamvī-''

* ''milke'' "to take" → ''mīmilkī-''

* ''daudike'' "to want" → ''dādaudī-''

''jalle'' "to be" has a partial irregularity, deleting the root vowel entirely – ''jā-j∅l-ī-'' → ''jājlī-''. Intensives conjugate as vocalic stems, but always insert an epenthetic ''-n-'' consonant regardless of the following vowel, instead of undergoing regular saṃdhi.

The intensive, while theoretically formed from all verbs, may have different meanings depending on the verb, and some verbs are practically never used with it. Particularly, intensive forms of verbs of motion are often semantically identical to frequentatives.

Quite often, the intensive is not easily translatable into English, as it may range from simple emphatic forms (''dṝdīnaute'' "I really did it"; ''cīchlisire'' "it's fucking amazing"<ref>Intensive of ''chlisake'' (''chlaisire, chlisirek, ichlisirā''), Eastern Jade Coastal (Līlti, Līlasuṃghāṇi, Mīleyīkhī, Līṭhalyināmi) slang for "amazing".</ref>; ''soh pṛšcāmvi dam? / pṛšcāṃjājlīnē!'' "do you like it? / of course I like it!"), to emphasis on the contrastive nature of an action (''pūni, pūpūnīnu ni'' "you work, but I work-INT." (i.e. "I work much more than you"); ''læchlyūyiri ni dā! / lǣlæchlīru!'' "come on, have some fun! / I am [already/indeed] having fun!"), or on the completeness and exhaustiveness of an action (''spṛšāvih ušūkhlīṃte'' "I've been looking for my keys in every single place"). Some verbs may be translated in different ways compared to the non-intensive form, e.g. ''læmyu jālejildekte'' "(s)he won the race" vs. ''læmyu jālejījildīkte'' "(s)he dominated the race".

===Stem extensions and terminations===

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 * '''subjunctive''' (''milkausire darišam'') - used to express general advices (jussive use), purpose (supine use), unreal things that may happen or might have happened, and also syntactically conditioned by some particles.
-There are a few more forms that can't be strictly considered moods because they can appear in all of the five actual moods, and are thus called '''''junya''''', pl. '''''junyai''''' (literally "shade, hue, dye") by Chlouvānem grammarians: they are actually regular derivational patterns, that are considered inflectional due to them being possible for all verbs. There are four ''juniai'':
+There are a few more forms that can't be strictly considered moods because they can appear in all of the five actual moods, and are thus called '''''junya''''', pl. '''''junyai''''' (literally "shade, hue, dye") by Chlouvānem grammarians: they are actually regular derivational patterns, that are considered inflectional due to them being possible for all verbs. There are five ''junyai'':
 * '''desiderative''' (''daudyūkire junya'') - used to express a desire or will (e.g. I want to X);
 * '''necessitative''' (''rileyūkire junya'') - used to express need or obligation (e.g. I have to X);
 * '''potential''' (''novire junya'') - used to express the ability to do something (e.g. I can [= am able to] X, also "I may [= it is possible that I] X")
 * '''permissive''' (''drippūkire junya'') - used to express the permission to do something (e.g. I can [= I’m allowed to] X)
+* '''intensive''' (''caṃliven junya'') - typically denotes emphasis on a stronger effort for/in an action, or on its contrastive nature, or on its completeness and exhaustiveness.
 Finally, there are a further two forms which are called "secondary moods" (''šudarišam'', pl. ''-šye''). They are two '''consequential moods''', the first one expressing ''cause'' (e.g. “because X”), and the other ''opposition'' (e.g. “although X”).<br/>
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 * ''peithake'' “to go (multid.)”, → ''pūpeithūd-'' (pf. stem. ''epūpeithūd-'')
 * ''nilyake'' “to think” → ''nīnilyūd-'' (pf. stem. ''inīnilyūd-'')
+====The intensive ''junya''====
+The '''intensive ''junya''''' are formed by reduplication with diachronical lengthening and the base vowel in the root, plus suffixed ''-ī-'':
+* ''khluke'' "to search, look for" → *šūkhluī- → ''šūkhlī-'' (pf. ''ušūkhlī-'')
+* ''męlike'' "to give" → ''myamęlī-'' (pf. ''emyamęlī-'')
+* ''nilyake'' "to think" → ''nīnilī-''
+* ''valde'' "to open" → ''vauldī-'' (morph. ''vā-uld-ī-''; pf. stem avauldī-)
+* ''nāmvake'' "to crush" → ''nānamvī-''
+* ''milke'' "to take" → ''mīmilkī-''
+* ''daudike'' "to want" → ''dādaudī-''
+''jalle'' "to be" has a partial irregularity, deleting the root vowel entirely – ''jā-j∅l-ī-'' → ''jājlī-''.<br/>Intensives conjugate as vocalic stems, but always insert an epenthetic ''-n-'' consonant regardless of the following vowel, instead of undergoing regular saṃdhi.
+The intensive, while theoretically formed from all verbs, may have different meanings depending on the verb, and some verbs are practically never used with it. Particularly, intensive forms of verbs of motion are often semantically identical to frequentatives.<br/>
+Quite often, the intensive is not easily translatable into English, as it may range from simple emphatic forms (''dṝdīnaute'' "I really did it"; ''cīchlisire'' "it's fucking amazing"<ref>Intensive of ''chlisake'' (''chlaisire, chlisirek, ichlisirā''), Eastern Jade Coastal (Līlti, Līlasuṃghāṇi, Mīleyīkhī, Līṭhalyināmi) slang for "amazing".</ref>; ''soh pṛšcāmvi dam? / pṛšcāṃjājlīnē!'' "do you like it? / of course I like it!"), to emphasis on the contrastive nature of an action (''pūni, pūpūnīnu ni'' "you work, but I work-<small>INT</small>." (i.e. "I work much more than you"); ''læchlyūyiri ni dā! / lǣlæchlīru!'' "come on, have some fun! / I am [already/indeed] having fun!"), or on the completeness and exhaustiveness of an action (''spṛšāvih ušūkhlīṃte'' "I've been looking for my keys in every single place"). Some verbs may be translated in different ways compared to the non-intensive form, e.g. ''læmyu jālejildekte'' "(s)he won the race" vs. ''læmyu jālejījildīkte'' "(s)he dominated the race".
 ===Stem extensions and terminations===