Celabrian

Celabrian (Celabrian: girṭeʒ [ˈɡiɾtʼɛd͡z]) is an Indo-European language.

Introduction

Etymology

The name Celabrian comes from the tribal name Celabri (Greek: Κελαβροί) < Proto-Celabrian *kelabʰras "warrior" (compare Modern Celabrian č̣łavr [t͡ʃʼɫavɾ]) < *kelas "spear" (< PIE *gʷelH- "to throw, pierce"; compare Modern Celabrian č̣ał [t͡ʃʼaɫ] "weapon") + *-bʰras "bearer" (< PIE *bʰer- "to bear, carry").

The endonym girṭeʒ comes from gir "Celabrian" (< PC *wīras "man" < PIE *wiHrós "man, warrior") + ṭeʒ "language" (< PC *tancūs "tongue" < PIE *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s). The formal language is known as bonṭeʒ [ˈbontʼɛd͡z], from bon "clear, eloquent" (< PC *bʰānas < PIE *bʰeh₂- "to shine; to speak"). The classical language is known as akrəṭeʒ [ˈakʰɾətʼɛd͡z] (Classical Celabrian: akʰra tanci [ˈakʰɾa ˈtant͡si]), from akr "precise, sharp" (< PC *akʰras "sharp" < PIE *h₂ḱrós). The colloquial language is known as łøðṭeʒ [ˈɫ̪œtʼːɛd͡z], from łøð "masses, common folk" (< PC *aleudʰis < PIE *h₁léwdʰis "people").

Phonology

Orthography

Consonant phonemes of Standard Celabrian

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m [m]		n [n]		ň [ɲ]	ŋ [ŋ]
Plosive	voiceless	p [pʰ]		t [tʰ]		ḱ [cʰ]	k [kʰ]	q [q ~ ʔ]1
	voiced	b [b]		d [d]		ǵ [ɟ]	g [ɡ]
	ejective	ṗ [pʼ]		ṭ [tʼ]		ḳ́ [cʼ]	ḳ [kʼ]
Affricate	voiceless			c [t͡sʰ]	č [t͡ʃʰ]
	voiced			ʒ [d͡z]	ǯ [d͡ʒ]
	ejective			c̣ [t͡sʼ]	č̣ [t͡ʃʼ]
Fricative	voiceless	f [f]	θ [θ]	s [s]	š [ʃ]	x́ [ç]		x [χ ~ h]1
	voiced	v [v]	ð [ð]	z [z]	ž [ʒ]	j [ʝ]		h [ɦ ~ ʁ]1
Approximant	central				ř [ɻ]
	lateral		ł [ɫ̪]	l [l]		ľ [ʎ]
Trill				ṙ [r]
Flap				r [ɾ]

Notes:

¹ The guttural consonants q, x, and h can be pronounced uvular or glottal depending on environment. The allophones are summarized in the table below. When two pronunciations are given, both are allowed but the first is more common.

Phoneme	Adjacent to consonant	Not adjacent to consonant
		initial	medial	final
q	q		ʔ ~ q
x	χ	χ ~ h		h ~ χ
h	ʁ	ɦ	ɦ ~ ʁ	ʁ

Vowels

Vowel phonemes of Standard Celabrian

	Front		Central	Back
	unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
Close	i [i]	y [y]		u [u]
Mid	e [ɛ]	ø [œ]	ə [ə]	o [ɔ]
Open			a [a]

Historical phonology

PIE to Early Proto-Celabrian (PC)

*h1e > e
*a, *h2e > a
*(H)o, *h3e > a 
*ē, *eh1 > ē
*eh2 > ā
*ō, *oH, *eh3 > ō
*iH > ī
*uH > ū
stress shifts (often to penultimate syllable/mora)
*w, *y > Ø / in long diphthongs
*CHC > CaC
*HC- > aC- / #_
*r̥H > ra
*l̥H > la
*n̥H > na
*m̥H > ma
*r̥ > ri, ar
*l̥ > li, al
*m̥ > am
*n̥ > an
-m > -n / _#, _C (assimilates to place of articulation of following consonant)
labiovelar > plain velar
palatovelar > plain velar / _r, _l, _n, _s
*p; *t; *ḱ; *k > pʰ; tʰ; cʰ /t͡sʰ/; kʰ
*b; *d; *ǵ; *g > p; t; c /t͡s/; k
*ǵʰ > *ʒʰ /d͡zʱ/ (other voiced aspirates preserved)
sbʰ; sdʰ; sʒʰ; sgʰ > spʰ; stʰ; scʰ; skʰ
*s > š / r_, u_, K_, i_ (ruki sound law)

Transcription differences (without sound change):
*y > j
*Vy > Vi
*Vu > Vu

Early PC to Late PC

ē > ī / _ns
ē > ā / otherwise
 In some dialects, this takes place after the palatalization of velars, affecting some words that were reborrowed into the standard dialect.
ei, eje > ī
e > i / with i in following syllable
s, š > Ø / _n, _m (lengthen preceding vowel, even if intervening consonant is present)
s > Ø / #_r, #_l
sr, šr > rr / non-initial
sl, šl > ll / non-initial
velar stop (k, kʰ, gʰ) > palatal stop (ḱ, ḱʰ, ǵʰ) / before front vowels or j - at this stage, palatalization is allophonic

Late PC to Old Celabrian

ḱ; ḱʰ; ǵʰ > č /t͡ʃ/; čʰ /t͡ʃʰ/; ǯ /d͡ʒʱ/
stop consonant + tʰ > ttʰ
-s, -t > disappear / _#
s- > ž / #_
-s- > h / V_V
sT; sP; sC; sČ; sK > θ; f; s; š; x
Kš > ččʰ
Ps, Ts > ss
sw > xʷ
w > gʷ / #_, after sonorant
w > ʷ / C_
w > v /V_V
Pj > *Pš > šš (where P represents any labial stop)
Tj > ČČ
Cj > CC
Čj > ČČ
nj; lj; rj; sj > ň; ľ; ř; š / #_, C_
nj; lj; rj; sj > ňň; ľľ; řř; šš / V_V
mj > mň
Kn > ň-, -ňň-
Tn > nn
Pn > mn
j > ǵ / #_
bʰ; dʰ; ʒʰ; ǯʰ > b; d; ʒ; ǯ
gʰ > g / adjacent to sonorant
gʰ > ɣ / otherwise
e > ja / before a, in non-final closed syllables
e > je / except when final, in diphthong, or immediately followed by nasal
ō > vø̄-, -ø̄-
ū > vȳ, -ȳ-
ai > jē-, -ē-
eu > jø̄, -ø̄-
au > vø̄, -ø̄-
o (from loanwords) > vo / #_
e > je / #_
ē > jē / #_

Old Celabrian to Classical Celabrian

cʰ; ʒ; čʰ > s; z; š / except after n, l
ž > ř /ɹ/
ā > ō / except in final syllable
Unstressed final syllable vowels (does not affect monosyllabic words):
 short vowel > disappears
 ā > a
 ī, ē, ø̄, ȳ > i
Stressed final syllable vowels (including in monosyllabic words):
 ȳ; ø̄ > ī; ē

Classical Celabrian to Standard Modern Celabrian

a > ə / before nasal in closed syllable
final unstressed -a > -ə
long vowel > short
a; ə; o; u > e; e; ø; y / when followed by /i/ in following syllable
velar > palatal / before front vowel
Cʷ > C
final unstressed -i > disappears
b; d; ǯ; g > v; ð; ž; ɣ / V_V
mb; nd; nʒ; nǯ; ŋg > m; n; n; ň; ŋ
mp; nt; nc; nč; ŋk > b; d; ʒ; ǯ; g
p; t; c; č; k > ṗ; ṭ; c̣; č̣; ḳ / #_
p; t; c; č; k > b; d; ʒ; ǯ; q / V_
h, x > x /χ ~ h/
r > ṙ /r/ / when initial or geminated
r > r /ɾ/ / otherwise
l > ł /ɫ/ / between vowels
ɣ > disappears / before sonorant
mn > m
mň > ň
geminate consonant > single consonant
Tr > Č
Kl, Tl > Ḱ
pre-tonic vowel loss whenever possible, otherwise generally > ə
 Forms consonant clusters that are resolved as follows:
  nasal + obstruent > nasal assimilates to place of articulation of obstruent
  obstruent clusters assimilate to voicing of final obstruent
  ṙ > r / in clusters
  N + r/ř/l/ł > stop homorganic to nasal is inserted (but ň + r > ndr; n/ň + l > ŋgl; n/ň + ł > ŋgł)
  N + ľ > ňǵ
  affricate + stop > affricate becomes corresponding appropriately voiced fricative
  etc

Transcription differences without (significant) sound change:
 ɣ > h /ɦ ~ ʁ/
 Cʰ > C

Morphology

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Celabrian personal pronouns

Person and number			Absolutive	Emphatic	Ergative	Dative	Genitive	Ablative	Locative	Instrumental	Adverbial	Vocative
1st	Singular		am	anʒ
	Plural		ne
2nd	Singular	Informal	ti
		Formal
	Plural		ǵi