Valthungian: Difference between revisions

Line 1,472:

====Forming the Passive====

Gothic transitive verbs had a passive form, but this has disappeared from Valthungian. Instead, the passive may be formed using a variety of auxiliary verbs determined by the volition of the agent and the subject (patient).

Gothic transitive verbs had a passive form, but this has disappeared from Valthungian. Instead, the passive may be formed using a variety of auxiliary verbs determined by the volition of the agent and the subject (patient). By their very nature, passives need not specify an agent, but an agent can be indicated using the genitive (as we would use ‘by’ in English).

{| class="wikitable"

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|| ''gitna'' ‘to get’ ''þiǧin'' ‘to receive’

|-

! Agent: ~~Uninstentional~~ / Inanimate

! Agent: Unintentional / Inanimate

|| ''þiǧin'' ‘to receive’ ''lenǧin'' ‘to cause to succeed’

|| ''skīčin'' ‘to cause to happen’ ''skeǧin'' ‘to cause to happen’ ''werðan'' ‘to become’

|}

'''Agent/Patient Deliberate''': This tends to refer to things that happen as a result of mutual agreement

*''Ik '''gatiða''' for þat work '''fergilðiþs'''.''

**‘I '''was paid''' for the work.’

*Þǣ ankymbiðas '''langiðun''' þis borðaþjugis '''ganœuguða'''.

**‘The diners '''were served''' by the waiter.’

'''Agent Deliberate / Patient Unintentional''': These auxiliaries are used mainly when the agent is a person and the patient is either an object or a person who is unaware of the agent’s intention or an unwilling participant in the action.

*''Ik '''gat''' þis weris '''slaguns'''.''

**‘I '''was hit''' by the man.’

*''Sā wagnas '''þagiða''' þiža mœuǧis '''fariþs'''.''

**‘The car '''was driven''' by the girl.’

'''Agent Unintentional / Patient Deliberate''': This usually refers to agents (usually inanimate) that are being used by a patient for a specific purpose.

*''Ik '''þagiða''' þižas fœ̄ðinis '''nutriškiþs'''.''

**‘I '''was nourished''' by the food.’

*''Þū '''langiðas''' (þiža intǣkninis) toðíža miðéndina '''tuguns'''.''

**‘You '''were led''' to that conclusion (by the evidence).’

'''Agent/Patient Unintentional or Inanimate''': This final group is possibly the most common, and refers to inanimate agent and patient, or when the agent or patient is an unwilling participant in the action. It may refer especially to natural phenomena, e.g. ‘blown down by wind’ or ‘rained on’.

*''Ik '''skīkiða''' þis þljuðis '''angǣsiþs'''.''

**‘I '''was startled''' by the noise.’

*''Þǣ lǭvas '''skagiðun''' þižas rynis '''afbórna'''.''

**‘The leaves '''were carried''' by the stream.’

==Adjectives==

@@ Line 1,472: / Line 1,472: @@
 ====Forming the Passive====
-Gothic transitive verbs had a passive form, but this has disappeared from Valthungian. Instead, the passive may be formed using a variety of auxiliary verbs determined by the volition of the agent and the subject (patient).
+Gothic transitive verbs had a passive form, but this has disappeared from Valthungian. Instead, the passive may be formed using a variety of auxiliary verbs determined by the volition of the agent and the subject (patient). By their very nature, passives need not specify an agent, but an agent can be indicated using the genitive (as we would use ‘by’ in English).
 {| class="wikitable"
@@ Line 1,484: / Line 1,484: @@
 || ''gitna'' ‘to get’<br />''þiǧin'' ‘to receive’
 |-
-! Agent:<br />Uninstentional / Inanimate
+! Agent:<br />Unintentional / Inanimate
 || ''þiǧin'' ‘to receive’<br />''lenǧin'' ‘to cause to succeed’<br />&nbsp;
 || ''skīčin'' ‘to cause to happen’<br />''skeǧin'' ‘to cause to happen’<br />''werðan'' ‘to become’
 |}
+'''Agent/Patient Deliberate''': This tends to refer to things that happen as a result of mutual agreement
+*''Ik '''gatiða''' for þat work '''fergilðiþs'''.''
+**‘I '''was paid''' for the work.’
+*Þǣ ankymbiðas '''langiðun''' þis borðaþjugis '''ganœuguða'''.
+**‘The diners '''were served''' by the waiter.’
+'''Agent Deliberate / Patient Unintentional''': These auxiliaries are used mainly when the agent is a person and the patient is either an object or a person who is unaware of the agent’s intention or an unwilling participant in the action.
+*''Ik '''gat''' þis weris '''slaguns'''.''
+**‘I '''was hit''' by the man.’
+*''Sā wagnas '''þagiða''' þiža mœuǧis '''fariþs'''.''
+**‘The car '''was driven''' by the girl.’
+'''Agent Unintentional / Patient Deliberate''': This usually refers to agents (usually inanimate) that are being used by a patient for a specific purpose.
+*''Ik '''þagiða''' þižas fœ̄ðinis '''nutriškiþs'''.''
+**‘I '''was nourished''' by the food.’
+*''Þū '''langiðas''' (þiža intǣkninis) toðíža miðéndina '''tuguns'''.''
+**‘You '''were led''' to that conclusion (by the evidence).’
+'''Agent/Patient Unintentional or Inanimate''': This final group is possibly the most common, and refers to inanimate agent and patient, or when the agent or patient is an unwilling participant in the action. It may refer especially to natural phenomena, e.g. ‘blown down by wind’ or ‘rained on’.
+*''Ik '''skīkiða''' þis þljuðis '''angǣsiþs'''.''
+**‘I '''was startled''' by the noise.’
+*''Þǣ lǭvas '''skagiðun''' þižas rynis '''afbórna'''.''
+**‘The leaves '''were carried''' by the stream.’
 ==Adjectives==