Páuluòbeng

Páuluòbeng (yi bPáuluòbeng) is a minority language closely related to Ciètian, but is distinct enough to be regarded as a separate language. It is inspired by Mandarin and Yorkshire English.

Páuluòbeng is the most tonal spoken Talmic language (even more tonal than Anbirese).

Figure out how to assign tones

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Glottal reinforcement mania

Final schwa > tone split

dr tr sr > zh ch sh; zhil, zhim, zhin, zhing > zhul, zhum, zhun, zhung

lr̀ /lɛ̂ː(ɹ)/ = sap, syrup

ehcung, yi h-ehcung; pl. ehcungr /əhˈkʊ̄ŋ, əhˈkȭː(ɹ)/ = mountain

dèe, yi dèe; pl. dèen /têː, têːn/ = valley

yi syøød /ɕɥǿːʔ/ = rose

mand /manʔ/ = to take

ted /təʔ/ = beautiful

dùn /tû:n/ = far

duāilig /ˈtwɑ́ːljəʔ/ = to demand, to pester

yi mār /mǽ:/ = tree

jyarm /t͡ɕǽ:m/ 'heavy'

yi kaθr /ˈkʰaħə/ 'flower'

ái /ɑ̌ː/ 'gold'

Áiзàn /ɑ̌ːzǣːn/ '(a name)'

neħdir /nəhtjə/ = chain

Phonology

Mandarin/Ufirlandisg/Allemanisch consonants; Yorkshire vowels

Tones

Báoluòveng is a strongly pitch-accent language.

Three tones for long vowels:

• ā or a: mid level, relaxed
• á: rising
• à: falling

Consonants

p b f v t d c z s з /z/ q j x ξ /ʑ/ ch zh sh r /ɹ/ k g h γ /ɣ/ θ /ħ/ ħ /h/ m n ng l w y - stops are devoiced, as in Mandarin

• /tʂw tʂʰw ʂw ɹw/ labialize to /pf pfʰ f ʋ/ before /u y ɥ w/
• h = /x/ θ = /ħ/, ħ = /h/

Vowels

Baoluoveng doesn't like closing diphthongs very much, unlike Standard Ciètian.

Short vowels:

• a ie i o u ü /a (j)ɛ (w)ɪ (w)ɔ (w)ʊ (ɥ)ʏ/

Long vowels:

• ai ee uai uee ie üe /ɑː~aɪ eː waɪ~wɑː weː jeː ɥøː/
  • [aɪ] is the Canadian-raised allophone of /ɑː/
• au iau oo ioo /æː~əʊ jæː~əʊ oː joː/
  • [əʊ] is the Canadian-raised allophone of /æː/
• ii uu üü /(j)iː uː (ɥ)yː/

R-linking vowels:

• uor, uoor, uoo, ur, uur /(w)ɔː(ɹ)/
• (i)ar, (i)aar, (i)aa /(j)æː(ɹ)/
• r, eer /ɛː(ɹ)/
• ir, iir /jɛː(ɹ)/
• ür, üür /jɔː(ɹ)~ɥœː(ɹ)/
• ueer /wɛː(ɹ)/
• air aur oor /æː(ɹ), ɑː(ɹ), ɔː(ɹ)/
• angr engr ingr (u)ongr ungr üngr /ɑ̃ː(ɹ) ɜ̃ː(ɹ) jɜ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɥɜ̃ː(ɹ)/
  • e.g. liangr /ljɑ̃̀ː(ɹ)/ 'dream'

Unstressed vowels:

• final -r = /(j)ə(ɹ)/
• final -i = /ɪ/
• final -ou = /o/

Many grammatical endings are merged in Páuluòbeng.

Linking R

• Example of linking R: yi χazr àard [jɪ ˈxazə ɹ‿æ̂ːʔ] 'the big flower' (cf. Ciètian: ye χazerr àrd [jə ˈxazər ʔɔɯt])
• No linking R: yi búuθ àard [jɪ ˈpǔːħ æ̂ːʔ] 'the big cave' (cf. Ciètian: ye bùθa àrd [jə ˈpuːhə ʔɔɯt])

Mutations

Báoluòveng has no eclipsis mutation, unlike Cièdian. Lenition is similar to Cièdian.

Grammar

Nouns

The Páuluòbeng noun system is much simpler than in Cièdian: there is no case, and the masculine and the feminine merged to the common gender.

As in Ciètian, the singular definite article ye and ye^N changes to yen (with no mutation) before a noun starting with a vowel or a semivowel. The same occurs for plural nouns too. For example:

• *yi^L ùur > yin ùur /jɪn ˈwɤ̂ː/ (masculine) 'the sense (nominative)'; pl. nan ùurn /nən wɤ̂ːn/ 'the senses'
• *yi àavr > yin àavr /jɪn ˈæ̂ːvə/ (neuter) 'the book (nominative)'; pl. nan áavr /nən ˈæ̌ːvə/ 'the books'

Definite article

singular		plural
common	neuter	common	neuter
yiL, yin yi bpràan /jɪ bɹæ̂ːn/ 'the corner'	yi, yin yi hāar /jɪ xǣ:/ 'the flower'	na, nan na bpràanr /nə bɹæ̂ːnə/ 'the corners'	naL na γǎar /nə ɣæ̌:/ 'the flowers'

Nouns are usually pluralized with -r. If the singular already ends in -r, the plural is unchanged except possibly with a tone change.

Pluralization patterns

1. sg. null > pl. -r /ə/: The regular pattern.
   • bpràan /bræ̂:n/ 'a corner' > bpràanr /bræ̂:nə/
2. sg. level tone > pl. rising tone: Common for nouns whose stems contain a *ð (Tigol ṫ) or *γ (Tigol ċ).
   • hāar /xǣ:/ 'a flower' > hǎar /xæ̌:/ 'flowers'
3. sg. falling tone > pl. rising: Common for nouns already ending in r
   • àavr /ˈæ̂ːvə/ 'a book' > áavr /ˈæ̌ːvə/ 'books'
4. sg. null > pl. -n /ən/: For nouns which were monosyllabic in Tigol and ended in a vowel.
   • tèe /tʰe:/ 'a valley' pl. tèen /tʰêːn/ 'valleys'

Adjectives

Adjectives take plurals like nouns, and have the same pluralization patterns as nouns.

• sràan /ʂæ̂:n/ 'true (sg)' > sràanr /ʂæ̂:nə/ 'true (pl)' (~ Eevo tŋawm 'true')
• trùu /tʂû:/ 'red (sg)' > trùun /tʂû:n/ 'red (pl)' (~ Eevo dru 'copper')

Verbs

There is a binary system of present vs. past. The past tense requires ergative syntax to be used, like in Anbirese and Ciètian.

The ergative particle is u /ʊ/.

Tonal ablaut patterns

1. present level > past rising (verbs ending in consonants)
2. present any tone > past -n (verbs ending in vowels)
   • shuò 'digs' (~Eevo troh 'to oppose'); shuōn 'dug'