Verse:Mwail/Old Gloob: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 46: | Line 46: | ||
|Aspect = Yes | |Aspect = Yes | ||
|}} | |}} | ||
Themsaran is my first constructed language, for my conworld of Hheergrem. It is intended to be a head-initial, head-marking language with a plausible development from an erstwhile dependent-/double-marking language. The grammar, syntax and morphology has been heavily influenced by Semitic and Celtic languages, with some drawing from Japanese. Aesthetically it has hints of [[w:Baltic languages|Baltic]], [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]], [[w:Celtic languages|Celtic]], [[w:Semitic languages|Semitic]], [[w:chmer language|chmer]] and [[w:Gyeongsang dialect|Gyeongsang Korean]]. The main departure from Semitic grammar is that the language has been augmented with new features such as strict head-marking inflection utilizing two types of switch-reference on verbs, the applicative voice and borderline polysynthesis. So I guess it ends up a tad more | Themsaran is my first constructed language, for my conworld of Hheergrem. It is intended to be a head-initial, head-marking language with a plausible development from an erstwhile dependent-/double-marking language. The grammar, syntax and morphology has been heavily influenced by Semitic and Celtic languages, with some drawing from Japanese. Aesthetically it has hints of [[w:Baltic languages|Baltic]], [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]], [[w:Celtic languages|Celtic]], [[w:Semitic languages|Semitic]], [[w:chmer language|chmer]] and [[w:Gyeongsang dialect|Gyeongsang Korean]]. The main departure from Semitic grammar is that the language has been augmented with new features such as strict head-marking inflection utilizing two types of switch-reference on verbs, the applicative voice and borderline polysynthesis. So I guess it ends up a tad more like some Native American languages. Other purposes of my language include mixing in un-English verb syntax, such as the use of optatives in subordinate clauses, and using principally non-finite subordinate clauses in the indicative. | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
Todo: | Todo: | ||
| Line 565: | Line 565: | ||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
Attributive adjectives agree in number, definiteness, gender and possessedness with their heads. Adjectival declension disagrees with nouns in that absolute possessive form of adjectives modifies the conjunct possessive of nouns. Predicate adjectives are declined differently. Adjectives also take degree inflection (positive, "less/least", "more/most", elative, "X enough", "too X"). Adjectives exhibit tonal ablaut | Attributive adjectives agree in number, definiteness, gender and possessedness with their heads. Adjectival declension disagrees with nouns in that absolute possessive form of adjectives modifies the conjunct possessive of nouns. Predicate adjectives are declined differently. Adjectives also take degree inflection (positive, "less/least", "more/most", elative, "X enough", "too X"). Adjectives exhibit tonal ablaut like those of nouns. | ||
====Declension==== | ====Declension==== | ||
Adjectives are either declined in 1st declension in the masculine and the 2nd for feminine, or the 3rd declension for masculine and 2nd for feminine with an extra suffix ''-m-'' added between the stem and the ending. | Adjectives are either declined in 1st declension in the masculine and the 2nd for feminine, or the 3rd declension for masculine and 2nd for feminine with an extra suffix ''-m-'' added between the stem and the ending. | ||
| Line 614: | Line 614: | ||
====Adverb formation==== | ====Adverb formation==== | ||
The adverbial suffix is ''-ar'', and it can mean "[adjective]ly", or " | The adverbial suffix is ''-ar'', and it can mean "[adjective]ly", or "like a [noun]" (latter meaning is less productive). | ||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
====Personal==== | ====Personal==== | ||
| Line 706: | Line 706: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Quality (what cind of) | !|Quality (what cind of) | ||
|''ıért'' (declined | |''ıért'' (declined like ''ímé'') | ||
|''mért'' | |''mért'' | ||
|''ħért'' | |''ħért'' | ||
| Line 1,352: | Line 1,352: | ||
===Prepositions=== | ===Prepositions=== | ||
Prepositions in Themsaran are inflected with pronominal enclitics. If the resulting combination is monosyllabic the syllable takes ´ or ˆ as the accent. If disyllabic (unless 1s, 3mp and 3fp) the second | Prepositions in Themsaran are inflected with pronominal enclitics. If the resulting combination is monosyllabic the syllable takes ´ or ˆ as the accent. If disyllabic (unless 1s, 3mp and 3fp) the second takes the ´ accent. | ||
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;" | {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;" | ||
| Line 1,437: | Line 1,437: | ||
* ''éŋħȅn'' 'because of' | * ''éŋħȅn'' 'because of' | ||
* ''glenem'' 'out of' | * ''glenem'' 'out of' | ||
* ''had'' ' | * ''had'' 'like' | ||
* ''ħal'' 'in front of' | * ''ħal'' 'in front of' | ||
* ''lyr'' 'agent' | * ''lyr'' 'agent' | ||
* ''mel'' 'agent' (interchangable with ''lyr'') | * ''mel'' 'agent' (interchangable with ''lyr'') | ||
* ''oles'' 'until' | * ''oles'' 'until' | ||
* ''pram'' ' | * ''pram'' 'unlike' | ||
* ''rimên'' 'because of' | * ''rimên'' 'because of' | ||
* ''sűnân'' 'despite' | * ''sűnân'' 'despite' | ||
| Line 1,448: | Line 1,448: | ||
* ''trig'' 'around' | * ''trig'' 'around' | ||
* ''ŧaz'' 'after' | * ''ŧaz'' 'after' | ||
* ''vórêl'' 'for, for | * ''vórêl'' 'for, for sake of' | ||
* ''zom'' 'between' | * ''zom'' 'between' | ||
* ''žymai'' 'without' (negation of instrumental) | * ''žymai'' 'without' (negation of instrumental) | ||
| Line 2,122: | Line 2,122: | ||
|} | |} | ||
The numeral is a noun that | The numeral is a noun that takes the definiteness inflection on behalf of the noun phrase (as a corollary, with a demonstrative the numeral is "indefinite" as well), whilst the noun is in the form "unmarked" in definiteness (indefinite for unpossessed, definite for possessed). 'Two' has a special definite form, ''títhîe''. | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
| Line 2,167: | Line 2,167: | ||
====Focalization==== | ====Focalization==== | ||
Themsaran focusing fronts the whole noun phrase (prepositions and all), | Themsaran focusing fronts the whole noun phrase (prepositions and all), unlike topicalization in which the topic is appositional and is expressed with a prepositional pronoun in the clause. If the focus is the subject fronting with no pronoun is used. Focusing may alternatively employ a type of cleft construction, with fronting of the focused noun phrase, by using the inverse verbal or prepositional object corresponding to the role of the focus in the sentence. The cleft construction is the one used when the focus is the direct object. | ||
===Noun phrases=== | ===Noun phrases=== | ||
| Line 2,248: | Line 2,248: | ||
====Complement clauses==== | ====Complement clauses==== | ||
Themsaran uses chiefly finite complement clauses, | Themsaran uses chiefly finite complement clauses, unlike for other types of subordinate clauses. Using a non-finite complement clause entails using the verb ''va̋cî'' with a participle. This expresses a strong conviction that the complement clause is true. | ||
===Negation=== | ===Negation=== | ||
| Line 2,260: | Line 2,260: | ||
===Coreferentiality=== | ===Coreferentiality=== | ||
There are several situations where the strictly head-marking language tracks coreferentiality, or which agreeing noun a verb or pronoun | There are several situations where the strictly head-marking language tracks coreferentiality, or which agreeing noun a verb or pronoun taking a given agreement refers to. | ||
====Inverse marking==== | ====Inverse marking==== | ||
Themsaran has so-called "inverse" verbal affixes that force a particular, marked order of the sentence, rather | Themsaran has so-called "inverse" verbal affixes that force a particular, marked order of the sentence, rather like the Austronesian trigger system. This marker serves simultaneously to trigger a more focused meaning on the more fronted constituent. | ||
{| class="graytable lightgraybg" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;" | {| class="graytable lightgraybg" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;" | ||
|+'''Verbal inverse marking''' | |+'''Verbal inverse marking''' | ||
| Line 2,380: | Line 2,380: | ||
*''-met'' (''m'', ''g''): semantic patient; ''fólħa̋met'': sacrifice; ''ħarvímet'': inconstant, ever-changing | *''-met'' (''m'', ''g''): semantic patient; ''fólħa̋met'': sacrifice; ''ħarvímet'': inconstant, ever-changing | ||
*''-ms'' (''m'', ''c''): instrument noun; ''ežħams'': trophy, prize | *''-ms'' (''m'', ''c''): instrument noun; ''ežħams'': trophy, prize | ||
*''-ŋ-'' (''c'') [noun]- | *''-ŋ-'' (''c'') [noun]-like | ||
*''-né'' (''g''): action of [verb]; the action noun of [verb] | *''-né'' (''g''): action of [verb]; the action noun of [verb] | ||
*''-noš-'' (''c''): capable/worthy of patienthood, [verb]-able | *''-noš-'' (''c''): capable/worthy of patienthood, [verb]-able | ||