Verse:Mwail/Old Gloob: Difference between revisions

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

! colspan="11"|Consonants

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Geminate /x/ and /θ/ are represented respectively by ''cch'' and ''tth'' in the Romanization.

====Conditioned allophony====

! style="width: 120px; "|Phoneme

! style="width: 120px; " |Allophone

===Vowels===

Themsaran has six vowels, short and long. Short vowels have one mora (except for epenthetic ''e'' which has zero morae), and long vowels have two morae. Short vowels in open syllables were pronounced approximately 1.5 times as long as short vowels in closed syllables; long vowels in closed syllables, 2.5 times as long; open long vowels, thrice as long.

! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|

! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front

===Pitch accent===

Pitch accent, or tone, is phonemic in Themsaran. The following is the notation for tones:

! style="width: 90px; "|

! style="width: 90px; " |Short

====First declension====

The first declension consists primarily of masculine nouns. Nouns ending in a consonant may contain an epenthetic ''e'' to break up a forbidden consonant clusters, particularly those ending in resonants. The ''ħ''-stem nouns always end in ''-ā'', and this mutates to ''-aħ-'' before a ending beginning with a vowel, and exhibits the form ''-aC-'' before an ending beginning with any consonant. The ''h''-stems have a long vowel ending by default, which shortens in front of a consonant ending, along with gemination of any fricative-onset endings. The ı-stem nouns, ending in ''-i'', display the ''-i'' before a possessive suffix beginning with a consonant, and a ''-ı'' before one beginning with a vowel. Geminate stems end in a long vowel plus a final consonant in their base forms, which changes to a short vowel + geminate.

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! colspan="9"| '''First declension'''

=====ı-stems=====

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! colspan="9"| '''ı-stems'''

=====ħ-stems=====

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! colspan="9"| '''ħ-stems'''

====Second declension====

The second declension consists primarily of feminine nouns. The reflexes of the old nominative endings of this declension, ''-a'' and ''-ān'', survive in proper names, in addition to in predicative adjectives.

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! colspan="9"| '''Second declension'''

Adjectives are either declined in 1st declension in the masculine and the 2nd for feminine, or the 3rd declension for masculine and 2nd for feminine with an extra suffix ''-m-'' added between the stem and the ending.

=====Predicate adjectives=====

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!colspan="3"|Predicate adjectives

====Degree====

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! colspan="2"| '''Degree affixes'''

The independent personal pronouns are used in equational sentences, and for emphasis of what is already indexed on the heads, be it the subject, the direct object, or an oblique argument.

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!colspan="3"| '''Independent personal pronouns'''

===Table of correlatives===

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!colspan="10"|Table of correlatives

Verbs have elaborate but quite regular inflection. Finite verbs are marked for TAM, mirativity, voice (active and mediopassive), the subject's person, number, and gender and, if the direct object is definite, is obligatorily marked with the (usually direct) object's person, number, and gender in most TAMs, except in the imperative and the prohibitive. For example: ''Nés{{blue|ài}} zâr'' (kill-ACT.PRES.1SG cat.SG.INDEF 'I kill a cat') against ''Nes{{blue|āıú}} zárrȅ'' (kill-ACT.PRES.1SG{{blue|>3SG.M}} cat-SG.DEF 'I kill the cat'). The verb may agree with an indirect object (which is typically animate) instead of with the direct object. Object agreement is often omitted in poetry. Verbs also have several non-finite forms, used with various subordinating conjunctions and relative clauses.

|+'''Themsaran finite verb template'''

!−3!!−2!!−1!!0!!1!!2!!3!!4!!/Downstep

=====Active subject affixes=====

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!colspan="3" | '''Imperative'''

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!colspan="3" | '''Present'''

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!colspan="3" | '''Past perfective'''

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!colspan="3" | '''Past imperfective'''

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!colspan="3" | '''Future'''

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!colspan="3" | '''Jussive'''

:''Main article: [[Themsaran/Bipersonal affixes|Themsaran bipersonal affixes]]''

The object affixes combine at the end of the verb, sometimes in less predictable ways, to agree with the direct object.

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!colspan="19" |'''Object affixes'''

Prepositions in Themsaran are inflected with pronominal enclitics. If the resulting combination is monosyllabic the syllable takes ´ or ˆ as the accent. If disyllabic (unless 1s, 3mp and 3fp) the second takes the ´ accent.

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!colspan="19" |'''Inflection of prepositions'''

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!colspan="16" |'''Inflection of example preposition'''

The following are inflections of irregular prepositions:

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!colspan="16" |'''Inflection of ''ā, āC'' (comitative)'''

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!colspan="16" |'''Inflection of ''di, d''' 'in, at''''

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!colspan="16" |'''Inflection of ''vo'' 'to, for''''

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!colspan="16" |'''Inflection of ''nai'<nowiki></nowiki>'' 'with, by means of''''

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!colspan="16" |'''Inflection of ''la'' 'also; no matter... (with interrogatives)' '''

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!colspan="16" |'''Inflection of ''gle, gl'<nowiki></nowiki>'' 'from' (ablative, partitive, substance)'''

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!colspan="16" |'''Inflection of ''pī'' (against)'''

===Numerals===

Themsaran employs a pure vigesimal numeral system. In transcriptions of Themsaran, if positional numerals are desired, the vigesimal positional numerals should be used.

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!colspan="8"|Themsaran numerals

====Inverse marking====

Themsaran has so-called "inverse" verbal affixes that force a particular, marked order of the sentence, rather like the Austronesian trigger system. This marker serves simultaneously to trigger a more focused meaning on the more fronted constituent.

|+'''Verbal inverse marking'''

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