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Tevrés: Difference between revisions
→Applicative voices
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=== Applicative voices === | === Applicative voices === | ||
Tevrés, like the other southern Aeranid languages, prefers to express its noun phrases as part of a verb's core arguments, rather than through [[w:Adjunct (grammar)|adjuncts]] or [[w:Adpositional phrase#Prepositional phrases|prepositional phrases]]. | Tevrés, like the other southern Aeranid languages, prefers to express its noun phrases as part of a verb's core arguments, rather than through [[w:Adjunct (grammar)|adjuncts]] or [[w:Adpositional phrase#Prepositional phrases|prepositional phrases]]. Tevrés is able to incorporate these phrases into a verb's core through [[w:Applicative voice|applicative voices]], which increases a verb's [[w:Valency (linguistics)|valency]] to include a new core [[w:Object (grammar)|object]] argument. There are five main applicative voices, each formed with a simple verbal prefix. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Name !! Prefix !! Usage !! Example | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Benefactive case|Benefactive]] ({{interlinear|BEN}}) | |||
| style="text-align:center;" | ''a-'' | |||
| Expresses that the referent of the noun receives the benefit of the situation expressed by the clause, used where [[w:English language|English]] would use 'for,' 'for the benefit of,' or 'intended for.' | |||
| ''çi garinos a-llavó''<br>'I laughed for the sake of my friends' (i.e. to reassure or comfort them) | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Comitative case|Comitative]] ({{interlinear|COM}}) | |||
| style="text-align:center;" | ''co-'' | |||
| Denotes a relationship of 'accompanyment' between two participants in an event, expressed in English with the preposition 'with,' in the sense of 'in company with' (but not 'with' meaning 'using' or 'by means of'). | |||
| ''çi garinos co-llavó''<br>'I laughed with my friends' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Locative case|Locative]] ({{interlinear|LOC}}) | |||
| style="text-align:center;" | ''en-'' | |||
| Indicates a location, corresponding vaguely to the English prepositions 'in', 'on', 'at', and 'by'. | |||
| ''çi garinon en-ango lla sarvieja''<br>'I'm meeting my friends at the library' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Instrumental case|Instrumental]] ({{interlinear|INSTR}}) | |||
| style="text-align:center;" | ''eu/el-'' | |||
| Used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action. The noun may be either a physical object or an abstract concept. | |||
| ''prieza eu-jovo''<br>'I write (it) with a pen' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Malefactive case|Malefactive]] ({{interlinear|MAL}}) | |||
| style="text-align:center;" | ''e-'' | |||
| Pertaining to the linguistic form or case or the semantic role of the person who is harmed or who loses out by an action. The opposite of the benefactive applicative. | |||
| ''çi garinos e-llavó''<br>'I laughed at my friends' (i.e. ridiculed them) | |||
|} | |||
==Writing System== | ==Writing System== | ||