Hawari language: Difference between revisions
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| '''(23)''' || Đʰ đʰ || ðʰ || ڍ || c || [[File:Hawari Đʰ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | | '''(23)''' || Đʰ đʰ || ðʰ || ڍ || c || [[File:Hawari Đʰ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(24)''' || Ď ď || d͡ð || دٚ || c || | ||
[[File:Hawari Ď.png|20px|frameless|center]] | [[File:Hawari Ď.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(25)''' || Ḍ ḍ || dˤ || ڊ / ض || c || [[File:Hawari Ḍ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(26)''' || Ḋ ḋ || ɖ || ډ || c || [[File:Hawari Ḋ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(27)''' || Ḑ ḑ || d͡ʑ || دٛ || c || [[File:Hawari Ḑ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(28)''' || E e || ɛ/ˑ/ː || ە || v || [[File:Hawari E.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(29)''' || Ė ė || ɛ / - (f) || ە࣪ || v || [[File:Hawari Ė.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(30)''' || Ẽ ẽ || ẽ || ەࣷ || v || [[File:Hawari Ẽ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(31)''' || Ê ê || e/ˑ/ː || ێ || v || [[File:Hawari Ê.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(32)''' || Ễ ễ || ẽ || یࣸ || v || [[File:Hawari Ễ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(33)''' || Ë ë || ɯ̃ || ەࣸ || v || [[File:Hawari Ë.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(34)''' || -eh || ɛˑh / ɛj (f) / ɛt (f) || ے || i || [[File:Hawari Eh.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(35)''' || -êh || eˑh / ej (f) / et (f) || ےٛ || i || [[File:Hawari Êh.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(36)''' || F f || f || ف || c || [[File:Hawari F.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(37)''' || Fʰ fʰ || fʰ || فٚ || c || [[File:Hawari Fʰ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(38)''' || G g || g || گ || c || [[File:Hawari G.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(39)''' || Gʰ gʰ || gʱ || گٛ || c || [[File:Hawari Gʰ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(40)''' || Ĝ ĝ || ʁ̬ || ڠ || c || [[File:Hawari Ĝ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(41)''' || Ǧ ǧ || ɣ || غ || c || [[File:Hawari Ǧ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(42)''' || Ģ ģ || ɟ || گٚ || c || [[File:Hawari Ģ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(43)''' || H h || h / j (f) / t (f) || ھ || i || [[File:Hawari H.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(44)''' || Hʰ hʰ || ɦ || ھٚ || c || [[File:Hawari Hʰ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(45)''' || Ḧ ḧ || h || ھْ || c || [[File:Hawari Ḧ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(46)''' || Ĥ ĥ || χ̬ || ھٛ || c || [[File:Hawari Ĥ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(47)''' || Ħ ħ || ħ || ح || c || [[File:Hawari Ħ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(48)''' || I i || ɯ/ˑ/ː || ۀ || v || [[File:Hawari I.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(49)''' || Į į || ɯ / - (f) || ۀٚ࣪ || c || [[File:Hawari Į.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(50)''' || Ǐ ǐ || ɯ(ˑ)j || ۀی || s || [[File:Hawari Ǐ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(51)''' || Î î || i/ˑ || ی || v || [[File:Hawari Î.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(52)''' || Ī ī || iː || یٙٙ || v || [[File:Hawari Ī.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(53)''' || Ï ï || ɪ(ˑ)j || یٙ || s || [[File:Hawari Ï.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(54)''' || Îy îy || i(ˑ)j || ؽ || s || [[File:Hawari Îy.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(55)''' || J j || ʒ || ژ || c || [[File:Hawari J.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(56)''' || Jʰ jʰ || ʒʱ || ڙ || c || [[File:Hawari Jʰ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(57)''' || ᴶ ʲ || - || ٖ || c || [[File:Hawari ᴶ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(58)''' || Ĵ ĵ || ʑ || ږ || c || [[File:Hawari Ĵ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(59)''' || K k || k || ک || c || [[File:Hawari K.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(60)''' || Kʰ kʰ || kʰ || ڪ || c || [[File:Hawari Kʰ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(61)''' || Ǩ ǩ || q͡x / k͡x (d) || ڳ || c || [[File:Hawari Ǩ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(62)''' || Ķ ķ || .ks / ks. || ګ || c || [[File:Hawari Ķ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(63)''' || Ḳ ḳ || c || کٚ || c || [[File:Hawari Ḳ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(64)''' || L l || l || ل || c || [[File:Hawari al.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(65)''' || Lʰ lʰ || lʰ || ࢦ || c || [[File:Hawari Lʰ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(66)''' || Ĺ ĺ || ɫ || ڵ || c || [[File:Hawari Ĺ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(67)''' || Ł ł || ʎ || ݪ || c || [[File:Hawari Ł.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(68)''' || Ļ ļ || ɭ || ڶ || c || [[File:Hawari Ļ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(69)''' || Ḽ ḽ || ɫ̩ / ɯ̆ɫ (d) || ڵْ || m || [[File:Hawari Ḽ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(70)''' || Ľ ľ || l̩ || لْ || m || [[File:Hawari Ľ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(71)''' || M m || m || م || c || | ||
[[File:Hawari M.png|20px|frameless|center]] | [[File:Hawari M.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(72)''' || Mʰ mʰ || mʰ || مٚ || c || [[File:Hawari Mʰ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(73)''' || Ḿ ḿ || mʲ || مِ || c || [[File:Hawari Ḿ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(74)''' || N n || n || ن || c || [[File:Hawari N.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(75)''' || Nʰ nʰ || nʱ || ڹ || c || [[File:Hawari Nʰ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(76)''' || Ń ń || ɲ || ڼ || c || [[File:Hawari Ń.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(77)''' || Ň ň || ŋ || ݩ || c || [[File:Hawari Ň.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(78)''' || Ŋ ŋ || ŋ (fin) / ŋg (int, med) || ݩْ || c || [[File:Hawari Ŋ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(79)''' || Ṋ ṋ || nˑ || نّ || c || [[File:Hawari Ṋ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(80)''' || Ṇ ṇ || ɴ || نࣷ || c || [[File:Hawari Ṇ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(81)''' || Ṅ ṅ || ɳ || نࣸ || c || [[File:Hawari Ṅ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(82)''' || Ņ ņ || n̩ || نْ || m || [[File:Hawari Ņ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(83)''' || O o || o/ˑ || ۆ || v || [[File:Hawari O.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(84)''' || Ō ō || oː || ۆٙ || v || [[File:Hawari Ō.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(85)''' || Ȯ ȯ || o / - (f) || ۆ࣪ || v || [[File:Hawari Ȯ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(86)''' || Õ õ || õ || وࣸ || v || [[File:Hawari Õ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(87)''' || Ô ô || ɔw || ۈ || s || [[File:Hawari Ô.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(88)''' || Ö ö || œ || ۏ || v || [[File:Hawari Ö.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(89)''' || Ø ø || ø || ۋ || v || [[File:Hawari Ø.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(90)''' || Ǫ ǫ || əʊ̯ || وࣺ || s || [[File:Hawari Ǫ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(91)''' || P p || p || پ || c || [[File:Hawari P.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(92)''' || Pʰ pʰ || pʰ || ڀ || c || [[File:Hawari Pʰ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(93)''' || Q q || q || ق || c || [[File:Hawari Q.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(94)''' || R r || r || ر || c || [[File:Hawari R.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(95)''' || Rʰ rʰ || ɾʰ || رٛ || c || [[File:Hawari Rʰ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(96)''' || Ř ř || ɹ || ڒ || c || [[File:Hawari Ř.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(97)''' || Řʰ řʰ || ɹʱ || رࣸ || c || [[File:Hawari Řʰ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(98)''' || Ŕ ŕ || ɽ / ʀ || ړ || c || [[File:Hawari Ŕ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(99)''' || Ŗ ŗ || r̩ || رْ || m || [[File:Hawari Ŗ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(100)''' || Ṛ ṛ || ɹ̩ || ڒ࣪ || m || [[File:Hawari Ṛ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(101)''' || S s || s || س || c || [[File:Hawari S.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(102)''' || Sʰ sʰ || sʰ || ښ || c || [[File:Hawari Sʰ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(103)''' || Ş ş || ʃ || ش || c || [[File:Hawari Ş.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(104)''' || Şʰ şʰ || ʃʰ || ݜ || c || [[File:Hawari Şʰ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(105)''' || Ṣ ṣ || sˤ || ص || c || [[File:Hawari Ṣ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(106)''' || Ṡ ṡ || ʂ || سٚ || c || [[File:Hawari Ṡ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(107)''' || Ŝ ŝ || ç || ݾ || c || [[File:Hawari Ŝ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(108)''' || Š š || ʃt͡ʃ. / .ʃt͡ʃ || ڛ || c || [[File:Hawari Š.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(109)''' || T t || t || ت || c || [[File:Hawari T.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(110)''' || Ť ť || tˑ (l) || تّ || c || [[File:Hawari Ť.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(111)''' || Tʰ tʰ || tʰ || ٿ || c || [[File:Hawari Tʰ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(112)''' || Ṯ ṯ || θ || ث || c || [[File:Hawari Ṯ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(113)''' || Ṭ ṭ || tˤ || ط || c || [[File:Hawari Ṭ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(114)''' || Ṫ ṫ || ʈ || ټ || c || [[File:Hawari Ṫ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''( | | '''(115)''' || ᵀ ᵗ || h (fin) / - (fin, d) / t (med) || ة || c || [[File:Hawari ᵀ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''( | | '''(116)''' || Ț ț || t͡ɕ || تٛ || c || [[File:Hawari Ț.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(117)''' || U u || u || و || v || [[File:Hawari U.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(118)''' || Û û || uˑ/ː || ۉ || v || [[File:Hawari Û.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(119)''' || Ũ ũ || ũ || وࣷ || v || [[File:Hawari Ũ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(120)''' || Ü ü || y/ˑ/ː || ۊ || v || [[File:Hawari Ü.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(121)''' || Ů ů || f (fin), v (med) || ࢫ || c || [[File:Hawari Ů.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(122)''' || V v || v || ڤ || c || [[File:Hawari V.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
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| '''( | | '''(123)''' || Vʰ vʰ || vʱ || ڤٚ || c || [[File:Hawari Vʰ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''( | | '''(124)''' || W w || w || و || s || [[File:Hawari W.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''( | | '''(125)''' || Ŵ ŵ || ɸ || ۄ || c || [[File:Hawari Ŵ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''( | | '''(126)''' || Ẃ ẃ || ɯw || ڡ || c || [[File:Hawari Ẃ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''( | | '''(127)''' || Ẁ ẁ || ew || ڡٚ || c || [[File:Hawari Ẁ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''( | | '''(128)''' || Ẇ ẇ || v̩ || ڡٙ || m || [[File:Hawari Ẇ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''( | | '''(129)''' || Wu wu || wu || وُ || v || [[File:Hawari Wu.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''( | | '''(130)''' || ᵂ ʷ || ʷ || ٝ || c || [[File:Hawari ᵂ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''( | | '''(131)''' || X x || x || خ || c || [[File:Hawari X.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''( | | '''(132)''' || Ẍ ẍ || x (fin), ɣ (med) || غْ || c || [[File:Hawari Ẍ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''( | | '''(133)''' || Ẋ ẋ || ks || ــٛٚـ || c || [[File:Hawari Ẋ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''( | | '''(134)''' || Y y || j || ی || s || [[File:Hawari Y.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''( | | '''(135)''' || Yî yî || ji/ˑ || یِ || v || [[File:Hawari Yî.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''( | | '''(136)''' || ʸ ʸ || ʲ || ِ || c || [[File:Hawari ʸ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''( | | '''(137)''' || Z z || z || ز || c || [[File:Hawari Z.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''( | | '''(138)''' || Zʰ zʰ || zʱ || ڗ || c || [[File:Hawari Zʰ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''( | | '''(139)''' || Ż ż || t͡s || ځ || c || [[File:Hawari Ż.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''( | | '''(140)''' || Ẓ ẓ || zˤ || ظ || c || [[File:Hawari Ẓ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''( | | '''(141)''' || Ž ž || d͡z || څ || c || [[File:Hawari Ž.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''( | | '''(142)''' || Ẑ ẑ || ʐ || ژࣺ || c || [[File:Hawari Ẑ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''( | | '''(143)''' || ʔ ɂ || ʔ || ئ || c || [[File:Hawari ʔ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''( | | '''(144)''' || ʿ ʿ || ʕ || ع || c || [[File:Hawari ʿ.png|20px|frameless|center]] | ||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 23:20, 1 May 2020
Hawari language | |
---|---|
Zimâna Ħāwārî زۀماٚنا حەٙوەٙری | |
Pronunciation | [[Help:IPA|[[[:Template:Zɯ.ˈmɑː.na ˈħæ.wæˑ.riˑ]]]]] |
Created by | MansenBk |
Native to | no specific |
Ethnicity | no specific |
Native speakers | 1 (2020) |
Standard forms | |
Dialect | ~15 dialects |
The Hawari flag |
Hawari, natively Ħāwārî (IPA: {hə'wʌɹɪ}, {ˈħæwæˑriˑ}), sometimes also spelled Hwari, is an a posteriori constructed auxillary language in the Northwestern Iranian group of the Indo-European family. Speakers of the language are called Hawars. The total number of Hawari-speakers is 1.
Hawari belongs to the Hawaric Northwestern Iranian group of the Indo-Iranian branch.
Phonology and Orthography
Alphabets and Pronounciation
The most important scripts with IPA | Sound type | Conscripts | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Latin | IPA | Arabic | Tongtsehayi | ||
(1) | A a | a | ا | v | |
(2) | Ã ã | ã | اࣸ | v | |
(3) | Ȧ ȧ | a / ɛ (f) | ا࣪ | v | |
(4) | Å å | a / - (f) | ا࣫ | v | |
(5) | Â â | ɑ/ˑ/ː | اٚ | v | |
(6) | Ậ ậ | ɔ | اٚ࣪ | v | |
(7) | Ẫ ẫ | ɔ̃ | اࣷ | v | |
(8) | Ā ā | æ/ˑ | ەٙ | v | |
(9) | Ä ä | æː | ەٙٙ | v | |
(10) | Ă ă | ɐ̯ | اٛ | s | |
(11) | B b | b | ب | c | |
(12) | Bʰ bʰ | bʱ | ٻ | c | |
(13) | C c | d͡ʒ | ج | c | |
(14) | Cʰ cʰ | d͡ʒʱ | ڃ | c | |
(15) | Ç ç | t͡ʃ | چ | c | |
(16) | Çʰ çʰ | t͡ʃʰ | ڇ | c | |
(17) | Č č | .ʃt / ʃt. | ڄ | c | |
(18) | Ć ć | .st / st. | ڜ | c | |
(19) | D d | d | د | c | |
(20) | Dʰ dʰ | dʱ | ڌ | c | |
(21) | Ḓ ḓ | dˑ | دّ | c | |
(22) | Đ đ | ð | ذ | c | |
(23) | Đʰ đʰ | ðʰ | ڍ | c | |
(24) | Ď ď | d͡ð | دٚ | c | |
(25) | Ḍ ḍ | dˤ | ڊ / ض | c | |
(26) | Ḋ ḋ | ɖ | ډ | c | |
(27) | Ḑ ḑ | d͡ʑ | دٛ | c | |
(28) | E e | ɛ/ˑ/ː | ە | v | |
(29) | Ė ė | ɛ / - (f) | ە࣪ | v | |
(30) | Ẽ ẽ | ẽ | ەࣷ | v | |
(31) | Ê ê | e/ˑ/ː | ێ | v | |
(32) | Ễ ễ | ẽ | یࣸ | v | |
(33) | Ë ë | ɯ̃ | ەࣸ | v | |
(34) | -eh | ɛˑh / ɛj (f) / ɛt (f) | ے | i | |
(35) | -êh | eˑh / ej (f) / et (f) | ےٛ | i | |
(36) | F f | f | ف | c | |
(37) | Fʰ fʰ | fʰ | فٚ | c | |
(38) | G g | g | گ | c | |
(39) | Gʰ gʰ | gʱ | گٛ | c | |
(40) | Ĝ ĝ | ʁ̬ | ڠ | c | |
(41) | Ǧ ǧ | ɣ | غ | c | |
(42) | Ģ ģ | ɟ | گٚ | c | |
(43) | H h | h / j (f) / t (f) | ھ | i | |
(44) | Hʰ hʰ | ɦ | ھٚ | c | |
(45) | Ḧ ḧ | h | ھْ | c | |
(46) | Ĥ ĥ | χ̬ | ھٛ | c | |
(47) | Ħ ħ | ħ | ح | c | |
(48) | I i | ɯ/ˑ/ː | ۀ | v | |
(49) | Į į | ɯ / - (f) | ۀٚ࣪ | c | |
(50) | Ǐ ǐ | ɯ(ˑ)j | ۀی | s | |
(51) | Î î | i/ˑ | ی | v | |
(52) | Ī ī | iː | یٙٙ | v | |
(53) | Ï ï | ɪ(ˑ)j | یٙ | s | |
(54) | Îy îy | i(ˑ)j | ؽ | s | |
(55) | J j | ʒ | ژ | c | |
(56) | Jʰ jʰ | ʒʱ | ڙ | c | |
(57) | ᴶ ʲ | - | ٖ | c | |
(58) | Ĵ ĵ | ʑ | ږ | c | |
(59) | K k | k | ک | c | |
(60) | Kʰ kʰ | kʰ | ڪ | c | |
(61) | Ǩ ǩ | q͡x / k͡x (d) | ڳ | c | |
(62) | Ķ ķ | .ks / ks. | ګ | c | |
(63) | Ḳ ḳ | c | کٚ | c | |
(64) | L l | l | ل | c | |
(65) | Lʰ lʰ | lʰ | ࢦ | c | |
(66) | Ĺ ĺ | ɫ | ڵ | c | |
(67) | Ł ł | ʎ | ݪ | c | |
(68) | Ļ ļ | ɭ | ڶ | c | |
(69) | Ḽ ḽ | ɫ̩ / ɯ̆ɫ (d) | ڵْ | m | |
(70) | Ľ ľ | l̩ | لْ | m | |
(71) | M m | m | م | c | |
(72) | Mʰ mʰ | mʰ | مٚ | c | |
(73) | Ḿ ḿ | mʲ | مِ | c | |
(74) | N n | n | ن | c | |
(75) | Nʰ nʰ | nʱ | ڹ | c | |
(76) | Ń ń | ɲ | ڼ | c | |
(77) | Ň ň | ŋ | ݩ | c | |
(78) | Ŋ ŋ | ŋ (fin) / ŋg (int, med) | ݩْ | c | |
(79) | Ṋ ṋ | nˑ | نّ | c | |
(80) | Ṇ ṇ | ɴ | نࣷ | c | |
(81) | Ṅ ṅ | ɳ | نࣸ | c | |
(82) | Ņ ņ | n̩ | نْ | m | |
(83) | O o | o/ˑ | ۆ | v | |
(84) | Ō ō | oː | ۆٙ | v | |
(85) | Ȯ ȯ | o / - (f) | ۆ࣪ | v | |
(86) | Õ õ | õ | وࣸ | v | |
(87) | Ô ô | ɔw | ۈ | s | |
(88) | Ö ö | œ | ۏ | v | |
(89) | Ø ø | ø | ۋ | v | |
(90) | Ǫ ǫ | əʊ̯ | وࣺ | s | |
(91) | P p | p | پ | c | |
(92) | Pʰ pʰ | pʰ | ڀ | c | |
(93) | Q q | q | ق | c | |
(94) | R r | r | ر | c | |
(95) | Rʰ rʰ | ɾʰ | رٛ | c | |
(96) | Ř ř | ɹ | ڒ | c | |
(97) | Řʰ řʰ | ɹʱ | رࣸ | c | |
(98) | Ŕ ŕ | ɽ / ʀ | ړ | c | |
(99) | Ŗ ŗ | r̩ | رْ | m | |
(100) | Ṛ ṛ | ɹ̩ | ڒ࣪ | m | |
(101) | S s | s | س | c | |
(102) | Sʰ sʰ | sʰ | ښ | c | |
(103) | Ş ş | ʃ | ش | c | |
(104) | Şʰ şʰ | ʃʰ | ݜ | c | |
(105) | Ṣ ṣ | sˤ | ص | c | |
(106) | Ṡ ṡ | ʂ | سٚ | c | |
(107) | Ŝ ŝ | ç | ݾ | c | |
(108) | Š š | ʃt͡ʃ. / .ʃt͡ʃ | ڛ | c | |
(109) | T t | t | ت | c | |
(110) | Ť ť | tˑ (l) | تّ | c | |
(111) | Tʰ tʰ | tʰ | ٿ | c | |
(112) | Ṯ ṯ | θ | ث | c | |
(113) | Ṭ ṭ | tˤ | ط | c | |
(114) | Ṫ ṫ | ʈ | ټ | c | |
(115) | ᵀ ᵗ | h (fin) / - (fin, d) / t (med) | ة | c | |
(116) | Ț ț | t͡ɕ | تٛ | c | |
(117) | U u | u | و | v | |
(118) | Û û | uˑ/ː | ۉ | v | |
(119) | Ũ ũ | ũ | وࣷ | v | |
(120) | Ü ü | y/ˑ/ː | ۊ | v | |
(121) | Ů ů | f (fin), v (med) | ࢫ | c | |
(122) | V v | v | ڤ | c | |
(123) | Vʰ vʰ | vʱ | ڤٚ | c | |
(124) | W w | w | و | s | |
(125) | Ŵ ŵ | ɸ | ۄ | c | |
(126) | Ẃ ẃ | ɯw | ڡ | c | |
(127) | Ẁ ẁ | ew | ڡٚ | c | |
(128) | Ẇ ẇ | v̩ | ڡٙ | m | |
(129) | Wu wu | wu | وُ | v | |
(130) | ᵂ ʷ | ʷ | ٝ | c | |
(131) | X x | x | خ | c | |
(132) | Ẍ ẍ | x (fin), ɣ (med) | غْ | c | |
(133) | Ẋ ẋ | ks | ــٛٚـ | c | |
(134) | Y y | j | ی | s | |
(135) | Yî yî | ji/ˑ | یِ | v | |
(136) | ʸ ʸ | ʲ | ِ | c | |
(137) | Z z | z | ز | c | |
(138) | Zʰ zʰ | zʱ | ڗ | c | |
(139) | Ż ż | t͡s | ځ | c | |
(140) | Ẓ ẓ | zˤ | ظ | c | |
(141) | Ž ž | d͡z | څ | c | |
(142) | Ẑ ẑ | ʐ | ژࣺ | c | |
(143) | ʔ ɂ | ʔ | ئ | c | |
(144) | ʿ ʿ | ʕ | ع | c |
Grammar
Personal pronouns
Singular | Plural | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |||||
Masc. | Fem. | Neutr. | Impers. | Plur. | Polite. | |||||
(English) | I | you (sing.) | he | she | it | you (impers.) | we | you (plur.) | you (pol.) | they |
Nominative | āz ئەٙز |
tû تۉ |
ew ئەو |
we وە |
to تۆ |
ûn ئۉن |
em ئەم |
şomâ شۆماٚ |
hûn ھۉن |
unhâ ئونھاٚ |
Dative | minêh مۀنےٛ |
tebîʲ تەبیٖ |
êwār ئێوەٙر |
îwār ئیوەٙر |
tiwār تۀوەٙر |
ûnêh ئۉنےٛ |
emêh ئەمےٛ |
şomâyêh شۆماٚیےٛ |
hinêh ھۀنےٛ |
unhâyêh ئۉنھاٚیےٛ |
Accusative | minu مۀنو |
tā تەٙ |
êwān ئێوەٙن |
îwān ئیوەٙن |
tʷān تٝەٙن |
ûnu ئۉنو |
emu ئەمو |
şomâyu شۆماٚیو |
hinâ ھۀناٚ |
unhâyu ئونھاٚیو |
Possessive | min مۀن |
tvậy تڤاٚ࣪ی |
ewîn ئەوین |
îwîn ئیوین |
tiwîn تۀوین |
ńegov ڼەگۆڤ |
mâ ماٚ |
şimîn شۀمین |
hûnem ھۉنەم |
ńîĥov ڼیھٛۆڤ |
Nouns
Declension of Nouns
Ending with a semi- or consonant besides h, ǐ, ï and y
Entire Word | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||||||
Normal | Pos1 | Pos2 | Pos3 | Normal | Pos1 | Pos2 | Pos3 | |
Nominative | - | -o ۆ- |
-a ا- |
-ê ێ- |
-ân اٚن- |
-âno اٚنۆ- |
-âna اٚنا- |
-ânê اٚنێ- |
Dative | -êh ےٛ- |
-êyo ێیۆ- |
-êya ێیا- |
-êyê ێیێ- |
-ânêh اٚنےٛ- |
-ânêyo اٚنێیۆ- |
-ânêya اٚنێیا- |
-ânêyê اٚنێیێ- |
Accusative | -u و- |
-uyo ویۆ- |
-uya ویا- |
-uyê ویێ- |
-ânu اٚنو- |
-ânuyo اٚنویۆ- |
-anuya اٚنویا- |
-ânuyê اٚنویێ- |
(((Stem))) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||||||
Normal | Pos1 | Pos2 | Pos3 | Normal | Pos1 | Pos2 | Pos3 | |
Nominative | ||||||||
Dative | ||||||||
Accusative |
Ending with an n
Entire Word | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||||||
Normal | Pos1 | Pos2 | Pos3 | Normal | Pos1 | Pos2 | Pos3 | |
Nominative | - | -o ۆ- |
-a ا- |
-ê ێ- |
-hâ ھاٚ- |
-hâyo ھاٚیۆ- |
-hâya ھاٚیا- |
-hâyê ھاٚیێ- |
Dative | -êh ےٛ- |
-êyo ێیۆ- |
-êya ێیا- |
-êyê ێیێ- |
-hâyêh ھاٚیےٛ- |
-hâyêto ھاٚیێتۆ- |
-hâyêta ھاٚیێتا- |
-hâyêtê ھاٚیێتێ- |
Accusative | -u و- |
-uyo ویۆ- |
-uya ویا- |
-uyê ویێ- |
-hâyu ھاٚیو- |
-hâyuto ھاٚیوتۆ- |
-hâyuta ھاٚیوتا- |
-hâyutê ھاٚیوتێ- |
Ending with a vowel
The vowels able to let a noun be declined like the following chart shows: ã, â, ẫ, ậ, ä, e, ẽ, ë, ī, õ, ö, ø, ũ, û
Entire Word | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||||||
Normal | Pos1 | Pos2 | Pos3 | Normal | Pos1 | Pos2 | Pos3 | |
Nominative | - | -yo یۆ- |
-ya یا- |
-yê یێ- |
-yân یاٚن- |
-yâno یاٚنۆ- |
-yâna یاٚنا- |
-yânê یاٚنێ- |
Dative | -yêh یےٛ- |
-yêto یێتۆ- |
-yêta یێتا- |
-yêtê یێتێ- |
-yânêh یاٚنےٛ- |
-yânêyo یاٚنێیۆ- |
-yânêya یاٚنێیا- |
-yânêyê یاٚنێیێ- |
Accusative | -yu یو- |
-yuto یوتۆ- |
-yuta یوتا- |
-yutê یوتێ- |
-yânu یاٚنو- |
-yânuyo یاٚنویۆ- |
-yânuya یاٚنویا- |
-yânuyê یاٚنویێ- |
Ending with a y
Entire Word | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||||||
Normal | Pos1 | Pos2 | Pos3 | Normal | Pos1 | Pos2 | Pos3 | |
Nominative | - | -o ۆ- |
-a ا- |
-ê ێ- |
-ân اٚن- |
-âno اٚنۆ- |
-âna اٚنا- |
-ânê اٚنێ- |
Dative | -êh ےٛ- |
-êto ێتۆ- |
-êta ێتا- |
-êtê ێتێ- |
-ânêh اٚنےٛ- |
-ânêyo اٚنێیۆ- |
-ânêya اٚنێیا- |
-ânêyê اٚنێیێ- |
Accusative | -u و- |
-uto وتۆ- |
-uta وتا- |
-utê وتێ- |
-ânu اٚنو- |
-ânuyo اٚنویۆ- |
-ânuya اٚنویا- |
-ânuyê اٚنویێ- |
Ending with an h
Except final h | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||||||
Normal | Pos1 | Pos2 | Pos3 | Normal | Pos1 | Pos2 | Pos3 | |
Nominative | - | -yo یۆ- |
-ya یا- |
-yê یێ- |
-yân یاٚن- |
-yâno یاٚنۆ- |
-yâna یاٚنا- |
-yânê یاٚنێ- |
Dative | -yêh یےٛ- |
-yêto یێتۆ- |
-yêta یێتا- |
-yêtê یێتێ- |
-yânêh یاٚنےٛ- |
-yânêyo یاٚنێیۆ- |
-yânêya یاٚنێیا- |
-yânêyê یاٚنێیێ- |
Accusative | -yu یو- |
-yuto یوتۆ- |
-yuta یوتا- |
-yutê یوتێ- |
-yânu یاٚنو- |
-yânuyo یاٚنویۆ- |
-yânuya یاٚنویا- |
-yânuyê یاٚنویێ- |
When the two last consonants are y and h (with a vowel between them), or also for nouns ending with ᵗ
Except final h/ᵗ | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||||||
Normal | Pos1 | Pos2 | Pos3 | Normal | Pos1 | Pos2 | Pos3 | |
Nominative | - | -to تۆ- |
-ta تا- |
-tê تێ- |
-tân تاٚن- |
-tâno تاٚنۆ- |
-tâna تاٚنا- |
-tânê تاٚنێ- |
Dative | -têh تےٛ- |
-têyo تێیۆ- |
-têya تێیا- |
-têyê تێیێ- |
-tânêh تاٚنےٛ- |
-tânêyo تاٚنێیۆ- |
-tânêya تاٚنێیا- |
-tânêyê تاٚنێیێ- |
Accusative | -tu تو- |
-tuyo تویۆ- |
-tuya تویا- |
-tuyê تویێ- |
-tânu تاٚنو- |
-tânuyo تاٚنویۆ- |
-tânuya تاٚنویا- |
-tânuyê تاٚنویێ- |
-ȧ-(consonant)
Entire Word | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||||||
Normal | Pos1 | Pos2 | Pos3 | Normal | Pos1 | Pos2 | Pos3 | |
Nominative | - | -a-o ا-ۆ- |
-e-a ە-ا- |
-a-ê ا-ێ- |
-e-ân ە-اٚن- |
-e-âno ە-اٚنۆ- |
-e-âna ە-اٚنا- |
-e-ânê ە-اٚنێ- |
Dative | -a-êh ا-ےٛ- |
-a-êyo ا-ێیۆ- |
-a-êya ا-ێیا- |
-a-êyê ا-ێیێ- |
-e-ânêh ە-اٚنےٛ |
-e-ânêyo ە-اٚنێیۆ- |
-e-ânêya ە-اٚنێیا- |
-e-ânêyê ە-اٚنێیێ |
Accusative | -e-u ە-و- |
-e-uyo ە-ویۆ- |
-e-uya ە-ویا- |
-e-uyê ە-ویێ- |
-e-ânu ە-اٚنو- |
-e-ânuyo ە-اٚنویۆ- |
-e-ânuya ە-اٚنویا- |
-e-ânuyê ە-اٚنویێ |
If the consonant is a y, h, ʸ, ǐ or ï, the "y" shown in the last chart turns into t.
Other rules
Ǐ turns to iy, ï to ïy, ô to ậw, ǫ to öw, ẃ to iw, ẁ to êw, č to şt and ć to st, when being the final letter of an unflexed word. When the last vowel is å, ė, į or ȯ, it disappears in the flexed form of a word.
This page is under construction, as of April 2020.