Th’uȟw’aas’oor

Th’uȟwaas’oor
ϴ’ūxȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱ātł
Pronunciation	[[Help:IPA|θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ]]
Created by	Macy Sinrich
Date	2020
Setting	Sirius
Ethnicity	Pw’aach’a
Native speakers	4 thousand (7th sun)
Language family	Th’uȟwa Th’uȟwaas’oor
Early form	Proto Th’uȟwaas’oor
Dialect	Northern (Kxaʀsa) Western (Mainland, Erpsxi)

Th’uȟw’aas’oor (ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱ātł, [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ] or ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr]) is the language of the Pw’aach’a, the indigenous inhabitants of the fictional moon Sirius. Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a constructed language created by Macy Sinrich, a 17 year old in Cherry Hill, New Jersey

Writing System

Th’uȟw’aas’oor uses the Latin script with small modifications that include the three diacritics (ˉ, ̠ ,ˇ) placed adjacent to certain letters. An apostrophe (ʼ) is used to mark ejective consonants, (e.g. kʼ, čʼ). And the modifier letter small W (ʷ) s used to mark labialized consonants (e.g. kʷ, xʷ).

Alphabet

Th’uȟw’aas’oor's writing system uses the Latin alphabet and consists of 35 letters. The following table gives their upper-case forms, along with the IPA values for each letter's sound:

Latin	А а	Ā ā	E e	Ē ē	O o	Ō ō	I i
IPA	[a]	[aː]	[e]	[eː]	[o]	[oː]	[i]

Latin	Ī ī	J j	K k	L l	U u	Ū ū	P p
IPA	[iː]	[j]	[k]	[l]	[u]	[uː]	[p]

Latin	F f	Q q	G̱ g̱	R r	S s	T t	ϴ θ
IPA	[f]	[q]	[ʡ]	[r]	[s]	[t]	[θ]

Latin	Š š	Č č	C c	H h	Ḵ ḵ	X x	W w
IPA	[ʃ]	[t͡ʃ]	[t͡s]	[h]	[ç]	[x]	[w]

Latin	7	ƛ	Ḥ ḥ	Ł ł	Ʀ ʀ	Ȟ ȟ	X̱ x̱
IPA	[ʔ]	[t͡ɬ]	[ħ]	[ɬ]	[ʀ]	[χ]	[ʜ]

Phonology

Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a large phonemic inventory, with 64 consonants and 10 vowels.

Consonants

		Labial		Dental	Alveolar		Palatal	Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/ Epiglottal	Glottal
		plain	lab		plain	lab.		plain	lab.	plain	lab.
Stop	plain	p			t	tʷ		k	kʷ	q	qʷ	ʡ	ʔ
	ejective	pʼ	pʷʼ		tʼ	tʷʼ		kʼ	kʷʼ	qʼ	qʷʼ	ʡʼ
Affricate	plain			t̪͡θ	t͡s		t͡ʃ	k͡x		q͡χ
	ejective			t̪͡θʼ	t͡sʼ		t͡ʃʼ	k͡xʼ		q͡χʼ
Fricative	plain	f		θ	s		ʃ ç	x	xʷ	χ	χʷ	ħ	h
	ejective	fʼ		θʼ	sʼ		ʃʼ	xʼ	xʷʼ	χʼ	χʷʼ
Approximant			w		l		j
Trill	plain				r							ʜ
	ejective				r̥’
Lateral Affricate	plain				t͡ɬ
	ejective				t͡ɬ’
Lateral Fricative	plain				ɬ	ɬʷ
	ejective				ɬ’

Vowels

	Front		Back
	plain	long	plain	long
Close	i	iː	u	uː
Mid	e	eː	o	oː
Open	a	aː

Dialectical Variety

In phonology, the most prominent distinguishing element of Peninsular Th’uȟw’aas’oor, except for the southernmost ones, is the Palatalization and Labialization of the vowels /i/ and /u/. The vowel, /i/ is palatalized and pronounced [j] and /u/ is labialized and pronounced like [w].

Prosody

Th’uȟw’aas’oor contains many "harmonic clusters" involving two consonants of a similar type (plain or ejective) which are pronounced with only a single release; e.g. the name of the western dialect of Erpsxi (of the sea’), Ckłta (life), and Ḥalq’cƙʷ’a (water). Clusters in Th’uȟwaas’oor containing four, five or six consonants are not unusual—for instance, the words for /pθkt͡s’eli/ (hard), and /ostxrt͡sapʃq’a/ ("to behave”)

Grammar

Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a synthetic, fusional language in the terminology of linguistic typology. Traditionally, it is an inflected language. Words include an objective semantic element and markers specifying the grammatical use of the word.

The grammatical function changes by modifying the markers: the word is "inflected" to express different grammatical functions, but the semantic element usually does not change. Inflection uses affixing and infixing. Affixing is prefixing and suffixing. The inflections express gender, number, and case in adjectives, nouns, and pronouns, a process called declension. Markers are also attached to fixed stems of verbs, to denote person, number, tense, voice, mood, and aspect.

Nouns

A regular noun belongs to one of five main declensions. There are 5 declensions which are distinguished by the genitive singular class of the noun. There are seven noun cases, which also apply to adjectives and pronouns and mark a noun's syntactic role in the sentence using inflections. Thus, the word order is:

1. Nominative – used when the noun is the subject or a predicate nominative.
2. Accusative — used when the noun is the direct object of the subject.
3. Dative – used when the noun is the indirect object of the sentence.
4. Ablative – used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source, cause, agent or instrument.
5. Genitive – used when the noun is the possessor of or connected with an object
6. Vocative – used when the noun is used in a direct address.
7. Locative- used when the noun indicates a location.
8. Instrumental — used when the noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action.

Pronouns

Personal pronouns may be classified by person, number, gender, and case. It has three grammatical persons (first, second, and third) and two numbers (singular and plural). In the third person singular, there are gender forms for male, female, neuter, epicene. Personal pronouns have two cases, subject, and object. Subjective and Objective pronouns are used as the subject and object forms of the verb, respectively.

Person	Number/Gender		Subject	Object	Dependent possessive (determiner)	Independent possessive	Reflexive
First	Singular		I	me	my	mine	myself
	Plural		We	us	our	ours	ourselves
Second	Singular		you		your	yours	yourself
	Plural						yourselves
Third		Masculine	he	him	his		himself
		Feminine	she	her		hers	herself
		Neuter	It		its	-	itself
		Epicene/Plural	they	them	their	theirs	themself / themselves

In addition to the personal pronouns shown in the above table, it also has other pronoun types, including demonstrative, relative, indefinite, and interrogative pronouns, as listed in the following table.

Demonstrative	Relative	Indefinite	Interrogative
this	who	one	who
these	what	something / nothing	what
that	which	someone / anyone / no one	which
those	that	somebody / nobody

Adjectives

There are 3 types of regular adjectives: first, second, and third. They are so-called because their forms are similar or identical to first and second.

Tense

There are three general tenses (present, imperfect, and future) and three moods (indicative, subjunctive, conditional, and imperative) as well as the infinitive, participle, and gerund forms. It also has three principle parts (first, second, and third). It also has two numbers (singular and plural), and two voices (active and passive):

1. The first principal part is the singular first-person, present active form.
2. The second principal part is the present active infinitive.
3. The third principal part is the first-person singular, perfect active indicative.

Th’uȟw’aas’oor is an SOV language. There are three major levels or gradation of honorific, low, medium, and high

1. Low honorific is used by elder speakers to address a younger individual, especially of that of a child.
2. Medium honorific is used by individuals to denote someone of the same social status or age
3. High honorific is frequently used by younger speakers to denote respect for an elder.