Th’uȟw’aas’oor

Th’uȟwaas’oor
ϴ’ūxȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ
Pronunciation	[[Help:IPA|θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ]]
Created by	Macy Sinrich
Date	2020
Setting	Sirius
Ethnicity	Pʷ’aach’a
Native speakers	4 thousand (7th sun)
Language family	Language isolate Th’uȟwaas’oor
Early form	Proto Th’uȟwaas’oor Old Th’uȟwaas’oor Classical Th’uȟwaas’oor
Dialect	Northern (Kxaʀsi) Western (Erpsxi)

Th’uȟw’aas’oor (ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ, [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ] or ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr]) is the language of the Pw’aach’a, the indigenous inhabitants of the fictional moon Sirius. Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a constructed language created by Macy Sinrich, a 17 year old in Cherry Hill, New Jersey

Writing System

Th’uȟw’aas’oor uses the Latin script with small modifications that include the four diacritics (ˉ, ̠ ,ˇ,.) placed adjacent to certain letters. An apostrophe (ʼ) is used to mark ejective consonants, (e.g. kʼ, čʼ). And the modifier letter small W (ʷ) s used to mark labialized consonants (e.g. kʷ, xʷ).

Alphabet

Th’uȟw’aas’oor's writing system uses the Latin alphabet and consists of 35 letters. The following table gives their upper-case forms, along with the IPA values for each letter's sound:

Latin	А а	Ā ā	E e	Ē ē	O o	Ō ō	I i
IPA	[a]	[aː]	[e]	[eː]	[o]	[oː]	[i]

Latin	Ī ī	J j	K k	L l	U u	Ū ū	P p
IPA	[iː]	[j]	[k]	[l]	[u]	[uː]	[p]

Latin	F f	Q q	G̱ g̱	R r	S s	T t	ϴ θ
IPA	[f]	[q]	[ʡ]	[r]	[s]	[t]	[θ]

Latin	Š š	Č č	C c	H h	Ḵ ḵ	X x	W w
IPA	[ʃ]	[t͡ʃ]	[t͡s]	[h]	[ç]	[x]	[w]

Latin	7	ƛ	Ḥ ḥ	Ł ł	Ʀ ʀ	Ȟ ȟ	X̱ x̱
IPA	[ʔ]	[t͡ɬ]	[ħ]	[ɬ]	[ʀ]	[χ]	[ʜ]

Phonology

Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a large phonemic inventory, with 75 consonants and 10 vowels. Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a complete series of ejectives accompanying its stop, fricative, and affricate consonants.

Consonants

		Labial		Dental	Alveolar		Palatal	Velar			Uvular		Pharyngeal/ Epiglottal		Glottal
		plain	lab		plain	lab.		plain	lab.	pal.	plain	lab.	plain	lab.
Stop	plain	p			t			k	kʷ	kʲ	q	qʷ	ʡ	ʡʷ	ʔ
	ejective	pʼ	pʷʼ		tʼ	tʷʼ		kʼ	kʷʼ	kʲʼ	qʼ	qʷʼ	ʡʼ	ʡʷʼ
Affricate	plain			t̪͡θ	t͡s		t͡ʃ	k͡x	k͡xʷ		q͡χ	q͡χʷ
	ejective			t̪͡θʼ	t͡sʼ		t͡ʃʼ	k͡xʼ	k͡xʷʼ		q͡χʼ	q͡χʷʼ
Fricative	plain	f		θ	s		ʃ ç	x	xʷ	xʲ	χ	χʷ	ħ	ħʷ	h
	ejective	fʼ		θʼ	sʼ		ʃʼ çʼ	xʼ	xʷʼ	xʲʼ	χʼ	χʷʼ
Approximant					l		j		w
Trill	plain				r						ʀ		ʜ	ʜʷ
	ejective				r̥’								ʜ’
Lateral Affricate	plain				t͡ɬ	t͡ɬʷ
	ejective				t͡ɬ’	t͡ɬʷ’
Lateral Fricative	plain				ɬ	ɬʷ
	ejective				ɬ’	ɬʷ’

Vowels

	Front		Back
	plain	long	plain	long
Close	i	iː	u	uː
Mid	e	eː	o	oː
Open	a	aː

Dialectical Variety

In phonology, the most prominent distinguishing element of Northern Thʼuȟʷʼaasʼoor, except for the westernmost ones, is the Palatalization and Labialization of the vowels /i/ and /u/. The vowel, /i/ is pronounced [j] and /u/ is pronounced [w].

Prosody

Th’uȟw’aas’oor contains many "harmonic clusters" involving two consonants of a similar type (plain or ejective) which are pronounced with only a single release; e.g. the name of the western dialect of Erpsxi (of the sea’), Ckłta (life), and Ḥalq’ckʷ’a (water). Clusters in Th’uȟwaas’oor containing four, five or six consonants are not unusual—for instance, the words for /pθkt͡s’e.li/ (hard), and /'ostxrt͡sapʃq’a/ ("to behave”)

Grammar

Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a synthetic, fusional language in the terminology of linguistic typology. Traditionally, it is an inflected language. Words include an objective semantic element and markers specifying the grammatical use of the word.

The grammatical function changes by modifying the markers: the word is "inflected" to express different grammatical functions, but the semantic element usually does not change. Inflection uses affixing and infixing. Affixing is prefixing and suffixing. The inflections express gender, number, and case in adjectives, nouns, and pronouns, a process called declension. Markers are also attached to fixed stems of verbs, to denote person, number, tense, voice, mood, and aspect.

Nouns

A regular noun belongs to one of five main declensions. There are 5 declensions which are distinguished by the genitive singular class of the noun. There are seven noun cases, which also apply to adjectives and pronouns and mark a noun's syntactic role in the sentence using inflections. Thus, the word order is:

1. Nominative – used when the noun is the subject or a predicate nominative.
2. Accusative — used when the noun is the direct object of the subject.
3. Dative – used when the noun is the indirect object of the sentence.
4. Ablative – used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source, cause, agent or instrument.
5. Genitive – used when the noun is the possessor of or connected with an object
6. Vocative – used when the noun is used in a direct address.
7. Locative- used when the noun indicates a location.
8. Instrumental — used when the noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action.

Pronouns

Personal pronouns may be classified by person, number, gender, and case. It has three grammatical persons (first, second, and third) and two numbers (singular and plural). In the third person singular, there are gender forms for male, female, neuter, epicene. Personal pronouns have two cases, subject, and object. Subjective and Objective pronouns are used as the subject and object forms of the verb, respectively.

Person	Number/Gender		Subject	Object	Dependent possessive (determiner)	Independent possessive	Reflexive
First	Singular		I	me	my	mine	myself
	Plural		We	us	our	ours	ourselves
Second	Singular		you		your	yours	yourself
	Plural						yourselves
Third		Masculine	he	him	his		himself
		Feminine	she	her		hers	herself
		Neuter	It		its	-	itself
		Epicene	they	them	their	theirs	themself/ themselves

In addition to the personal pronouns shown in the above table, it also has other pronoun types, including demonstrative, relative, indefinite, and interrogative pronouns, as listed in the following table.

Demonstrative	Relative	Indefinite	Interrogative
this	who	one	who
these	what	something / nothing	what
that	which	someone / anyone / no one	which
those	that	somebody / nobody

Adjectives

There are 3 types of regular adjectives: first, second, and third. They are so-called because their forms are similar or identical to first and second.

Verbs

A regular verb in belongs to one of four main conjugations. A conjugation is "a class of verbs with similar inflected forms. The conjugations are identified by the last letter of the verb's present stem.

Irregular verbs may not follow the types or may be marked in a different way. The "endings" presented above are not the suffixed infinitive markers. The first letter in each case is the last of the stem so the conjugations are also called a-conjugation, e-conjugation and i-conjugation. Third-conjugation stems end in a consonant: the consonant conjugation. Further, there is a subset of the third conjugation, the i-stems, which behave somewhat like the fourth conjugation, as they are both i-stems, one short and the other long.

There are six general "tenses" in Th’uȟʷʼaasʼoor (present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect and future perfect), three moods (indicative, imperative and subjunctive, in addition to the infinitive, participle, gerund, gerundive and supine), three persons (first, second and third), two numbers (singular and plural), two voices (active and passive) and two aspects (perfective and imperfective). Verbs are described by four principal parts:

1. The first principal part is the first-person singular, present tense, active voice, indicative mood form of the verb. If the verb is impersonal, the first principal part will be in the third-person singular.
2. The second principal part is the present active infinitive.
3. The third principal part is the first-person singular, perfect active indicative form. Like the first principal part, if the verb is impersonal, the third principal part will be in the third-person singular.
4. The fourth principal part is the supine form, or alternatively, the nominative singular of the perfect passive participle form of the verb. The fourth principal part can show one gender of the participle or all three genders (-us for masculine, -a for feminine and -um for neuter) in the nominative singular. The fourth principal part will be the future participle if the verb cannot be made passive. Most modern Latin dictionaries, if they show only one gender, tend to show the masculine; but many older dictionaries instead show the neuter, as it coincides with the supine. The fourth principal part is sometimes omitted for intransitive verbs, but strictly in Latin, they can be made passive if they are used impersonally, and the supine exists for such verbs.

There are six "tenses" in the Latin language. These are divided into two tense systems: the present system, which is made up of the present, imperfect and future tenses, and the perfect system, which is made up of the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses. Each tense has a set of endings corresponding to the person, number, and voice of the subject. Subject (nominative) pronouns are generally omitted for the first (I, we) and second (you) persons except for emphasis.

The table below displays the common inflected endings for the indicative mood in the active voice in all six tenses. For the future tense, the first listed endings are for the first and second conjugations, and the second listed endings are for the third and fourth conjugations:

Tense	Singular			Plural
	1st Person	2nd Person	3rd Person	1st Person	2nd Person	3rd Person
Present	-ō/m	-s	-t	-mus	-tis	-nt
Future	-bō, -am	-bis, -ēs	-bit, -et	-bimus, -ēmus	-bitis, -ētis	-bunt, -ent
Imperfect	-bam	-bās	-bat	-bāmus	-bātis	-bant
Perfect	-ī	-istī	-it	-imus	-istis	-ērunt
Future Perfect	-erō	-eris/erīs	-erit	-erimus/-erīmus	-eritis/-erītis	-erint
Pluperfect	-eram	-erās	-erat	-erāmus	-erātis	-erant

Deponent verbs

Some Latin verbs are deponent, causing their forms to be in the passive voice but retain an active meaning: hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum (to urge).

Tense

There are three general tenses (present, imperfect, and future) and three moods (indicative, subjunctive, conditional, and imperative) as well as the infinitive, participle, and gerund forms. It also has three principle parts (first, second, and third). It also has two numbers (singular and plural), and two voices (active and passive):

1. The first principal part is the singular first-person, present active form.
2. The second principal part is the present active infinitive.
3. The third principal part is the first-person singular, perfect active indicative.

Th’uȟw’aas’oor is an SOV language. There are three major levels or gradation of honorific, low, medium, and high

1. Low honorific is used by elder speakers to address a younger individual, especially of that of a child.
2. Medium honorific is used by individuals to denote someone of the same social status or age
3. High honorific is frequently used by younger speakers to denote respect for an elder.