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Lifashian: Difference between revisions
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Three different forms of PIE perfective verbs may be used in forming the past. The most commonly used one is the root past, formed by augment, root, and past ending; the other two forms are the ''s-past'' (augment, root + ''-s'' and past ending) and the rarer reduplicated past (with no augment and its own set of endings). | Three different forms of PIE perfective verbs may be used in forming the past. The most commonly used one is the root past, formed by augment, root, and past ending; the other two forms are the ''s-past'' (augment, root + ''-s'' and past ending) and the rarer reduplicated past (with no augment and its own set of endings). | ||
Some roots may have different past formations, often with different meanings, or used with different present formations. For example, the root ''lub-'' (< PIE *lewbʰ-) forms ''alúwsom'' (s-past), past of ''luwnámi'' "I love", but also ''alubom'' (root past), formerly the past of ''lóbiyámi'' "I charm", nowadays used with the meaning of "to fall in love with" (while "I charmed" is formed as the synchronically regular ''alóbíyam''); the reduplicated past ''lelóba'', finally, is used as the past of both ''lúwámi'' (< *lewbʰ-oh₂-mi< | Some roots may have different past formations, often with different meanings, or used with different present formations. For example, the root ''lub-'' (< PIE *lewbʰ-) forms ''alúwsom'' (s-past), past of ''luwnámi'' "I love", but also ''alubom'' (root past), formerly the past of ''lóbiyámi'' "I charm", nowadays used with the meaning of "to fall in love with" (while "I charmed" is formed as the synchronically regular ''alóbíyam''); the reduplicated past ''lelóba'', finally, is used as the past of both ''lúwámi'' (< *lewbʰ-oh₂-mi<ref>Changed from earlier *lúbámi through analogy from ''lúwti'' (< *lewbʰ-ti).</ref>) "I want" and ''luwsyémi'' (< *lubʰ-sy-emi) "I wish". | ||
====Copula==== | ====Copula==== | ||