Linguifex

Tjoc: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Tjoc (view source)

Revision as of 23:22, 18 November 2012

5,384 bytes added ,  18 November 2012
→‎The "w-verbs"
Line 2,011: Line 2,011:


While the change 'w' > 'f' has been preserved, the changes 'w' > 'd' and 'w' > 'g' have merged into the only change 'w' > 'g'. Probably this is due to misinterpretation.
While the change 'w' > 'f' has been preserved, the changes 'w' > 'd' and 'w' > 'g' have merged into the only change 'w' > 'g'. Probably this is due to misinterpretation.
===Present perfect and participle II===
To express an action that has happened in a period of time that is not completely finished, such as ''hjowag'', today, ''se wuke her'', this week, ''se mont her'', this month, ''tat jår her'', this year, and so on, Tjoc uses the '''present perfect''' of indicative mood. This tense is used also to talk about happenings that haven't got a precise temporal localization.
The present perfect is formed with the present of either the verb ''bjon'' or ''håban'' and the participle II - that corresponds to the past participle - of the main verb. Usually the verb ''bjon'' is used with verbs that indicate movement or change, such as ''wjassan'', to grow up, ''shorwan'', to die, ''wjortan'', to become, ''brejtan'', to change, to turn oneself into, and so forth. The verb ''håban'' is used with other verbs instead.
Here is the present perfect of the verbs ''bjon'', ''lyrnan'', ''wennan'' and ''lycan'':
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Bjon'''
!'''Lyrnan'''
!'''Wennan'''
!'''Lycan'''
|-
!'''y'''
|jom ibjon
|håbe iljornd
|håbe iwend
|håbe ilyced
|-
!'''tů'''
|jart ibjon
|haft iljornd
|haft iwend
|haft ilyced
|-
!'''he'''
|is ibjon
|haft iljornd
|haft iwend
|haft ilyced
|-
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
|sinn ibjon
|håba iljornd
|håba iwend
|håba ilyced
|}
In colloquial speaking, the present tense of the auxiliary is often omitted, ex.:
* ''Hy håba ifrjod ůs'' or ''Hy ifrjod ůs'' - They have loved us.
This omission cannot be used with other compound tenses such as past perfect or future perfect.
The past participle, called ''participle II'', is formed with a circumfix ''i--(e)d'' for the regular verbs. The participle II of the ''-jan verbs'' is formed with the same root vowel of the past indicative.
However in the participle II of the compound verbs, the ''i-'' prefix is not used, ex.: ''ůtgån'', to go out > ''ůtgån''; ''onhipan'', to come back > ''onhuped'' (it is a ''-jan'' verb).
The participle II can be used also as adjective, in this case it inflects and has got both weak and strong declension. Moreover when it is used as adjective, it loses its ''i-'' and takes a ''be-'' prefix, ex.:
* ''An befrjod wyf'' - A beloved woman;
* ''Se beknåwene mann'' - The known man.
====Participle II of irregular verbs====
The irregular verbs form the participle II with the circumfix ''i--(e)n'' - as we have just seen for the verb ''bjon'' - and undergo a root vowel change. This vowel is almost always different than the one of the past indicative. Once again it can be distinguished among seven classes. Here is a table with the vowel of the infinitive, that of the 2nd / 3rd person singular of present tense, those of the first past form and the second past form, and that of the participle II:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Class'''
!'''Infinitive'''
!'''Present 2nd / 3rd p.s.'''
!'''Singular past form'''
!'''Plural past form'''
!'''Participle II'''
|-
!'''I'''
|y
|y
|å
|i
|i
|-
!'''II'''
|jo / ů
|y / ů
|jå
|u
|o
|-
!'''V'''
|e
|e
|a
|å
|e
|-
!'''VI'''
|a
|e
|o
|o
|a
|-
!'''VII'''
|vowel
|vowel
|e / jo
|e / jo
|vowel
|}
The voices that have been analyzed in this scheme form the so called '''paradigm''. The paradigm is a list of specific verbal voices that together allow to identify every verb and to form all the other voices of it, it is formed by:
* 1st voice: the infinitive voice;
* 2nd voice: the 2nd and 3rd persons singular of the present indicative;
* 3rd voice: the three persons singular of the past indicative;
* 4th voice: the three persons plural of the past indicative;
* 5th voice: the participle II.
It follows a list of the paradigms of verbs of I, II, V, VI, and VII class:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Class'''
!'''1st voice'''
!'''2nd voice'''
!'''3rd voice'''
!'''4th voice'''
!'''5th voice'''
|-
!'''I'''
|bytan
|byt
|båt
|biton
|ibiten
|-
!'''II'''
|bjowan
|byt
|bjåg
|buwon
|ibowen
|-
!'''V'''
|jewan
|jeft
|jaf
|jåwon
|ijewen
|-
!'''VI'''
|waran
|wert
|wor
|woron
|iwarn
|-
!'''VII'''
|låtan
|låt
|let
|leton
|ilåten
|}
Please note that the verbs ''bytan'' and ''bjowan'' have got the same 2nd person singular form in the present of indicative (''byt'').
The IV class has got two different options:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Subclass'''
!'''1st voice'''
!'''2nd voice'''
!'''3rd voice'''
!'''4th voice'''
!'''5th voice'''
|-
!'''IV a'''
|e
|i
|e / a
|e / å
|o
|-
!'''IV b'''
|i
|i
|a
|o
|u
|}
Some paradigms of verbs of the IV class:
*  ''beran - birt - ber - beron - iborn'';
*  ''helan - hilt - hal - hålon - iholn'';
*  ''niman - nimt - nam - nomon - inumn''.
The III class is once again the most complicated to schematize, because there are too many subclasses. Here are the most spread:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Subclass'''
!'''1st voice'''
!'''2nd voice'''
!'''3rd voice'''
!'''4th voice'''
!'''5th voice'''
|-
!'''III a'''
|jo
|y
|ja
|u
|o
|-
!'''III b'''
|e
|i
|ja
|u
|o
|-
!'''III c'''
|i
|i
|o
|u
|u
|}
Some examples:
* ''wjortan - wyrt - wjart - wurron - iworren'';
* ''helpan - hilpt - hjalp - hulpon - iholpen'';
* ''drinkan - drinkt - dronk - drunkon - idrunken''.
Llyn
886

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/2331"