Buerkaans

Buerkantch
Buerkaans
Pronunciation	[[Help:IPA|bu:ɾ'kaːns]]
Created by	–
Native speakers	No Census Data (2014)
Language family	Indo-European Germanic Low Franconian? Buerkantch
Language codes
ISO 639-1	bu
ISO 639-2	bue
ISO 639-3	bue
Dï Huïlands' fläg

Background

Buerkaans is spoken in the fictitious country of Dï Huïlands, known as such in English, even though the translation is literally The Highlands. It has not yet been decided whether Buerkaans shows a strong enough resemblence to Dutch grammar to be classified as Low Franconian, or if it deserves its own branch in the Germanic family.

Buerkaans takes influences from Dutch/Afrikaans, English, and the Scandinavian Languages. I wanted to make something in between all three, with the primary vocabulary a mix of Dutch-Danish/Swedish-derived roots and grammar closer to a simpler version of German.

Phonology

Buerkaans has a large phonology, similar to that of Dutch or Afrikaans, mixed slightly with Danish, with a large vowel inventory of 14 distinct vowel quantities and a typical Germanic consonant inventory with the exception of /d͡ʒ/.

Vowels

Phonemes
	Front	Central	Back
Closed	i y	ɨ	u
Near-closed	ɪ
Mid-closed	e ø		o
Central		ɘ
Mid-open	ɛ		ʌ ɔ
Near-open	æ
Open	a

For the most part, /ɨ/ replaces /ɪ/ in word-initial 'i', but can also appear in any instance of 'i', based on the speaker's accent.

Consonants

Phonemes	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	p b		t d			k g
Affricate				d͡ʒ
Nasal	m		n			ŋ
Fricative		f v	s	ʃ		x~ç	h
Approximant			ɾ		j
Lateral approximant		w	l			ɫ

• It is important to know that /x/ can be palatinized to /ç/ in fast speech, or after certain consonants, where a speaker cannot pull their tongue back fast enough to produce a full /x/.

Stress & Phonotactics

Stress generally falls on the root of a word, normally the first syllable, but this is subject to change if certain prefixes are added, which may transfer stress from the root to the prefix, or move primary stress, along with the root, to the second syllable.

Buerkaans' most common syllable structure is CCVCC. A single, double, or triple cluster of consecutive consonants can proceed a vowel, there may be as many as three vowels between consonants. In some special cases there can be four-consonant clusters, but these are generally in archaic words and most have been simplified. Word structure can vary wildy, but every syllable must have at least one vowel as its nucleus. The only syllalbe construction that is not allowed is CVCV, which must be interpreted as two seperate syllables of CV. These sound clusters can be repeated to create longer words which are still phonotactically correct, but this implies a constructed word.

• hoebstedsmetroelyn /'ho:b.stɛdz.mɛtɾo:.ləi̯n/ - capital city's metro line (CVVC.CCVCC.CVCCV.CVC)
• straade /'ʃtɾa:dʌ/ - street (CCCVVCV)
• regtíg /'ɾɛχ.ti:ç/ - correct (CVCVC)
• de /dʌ/ - the (CV)
• älg /ælχ/ - interjection, similar to 'ew' (VC)
• appel /'ab.əl/ - apple (VCCVC)

Orthography

Vowels

• a - /a/
• aa - /a:/
• aai - /ai:/
• ä - /æ/
• e - /ɛ/ (/ɘ/ when unstressed and /ʌ/ after d)
• ee - /e:/
• i - /ɪ/ (/ɨ/ when word-initial, can replace /ɪ/ with a speaker's accent)
• ï - /i:/
• o - /ɔ/
• oe - /o:/
• aui - /ø/
• u - /u/
• ue - /u:/
• ui - /y/
• y - /əi̯/

Note: ¨ is used to differentiate between ën - a, and en - and.

Consonants

• b - /b/
• d - /d/
• f - /f/
• g - /x/~/ç/ (/x/ after open vowels and /ç/ after closed vowels: so naagt /'na:xt/, but nigt /'nɪçt/)
• h - /h/
• j - /j/
• k - /k/
• l - /l/ (/ɫ/ when word-initial)
• m - /m/
• n - /n/
• p - /p/
• r - /ɾ/
• s - /s/
• sj - /ʃ/
• t - /t/
• tj - /ʧ/
• v - /v/
• w - /w/
• x - /ʤ/
• z - /ʦ/

Sound Shifts from other Germanic Languages

Perhaps the largest change from Germanic phonology in Buerkaans is the voicing of the original Germanic /v/ or /ʋ to /b/:

Buerkaans	IPA	Danish	IPA	German	IPA	English
hoeb	/ho:b/	hoved	/'ho:.ʋɛð/	Kopf	/'kɔpf/	head
bebége	/bə'be:.xə/	at bevæge	/bɛ'ʋɛi̯.gɛ/	bewegen	/bɛ've:.gɛn/	to move
graabe	/'xræ:.bɘ/	at grave	/graʊ̯.ʋɛ	graben	/'gra:bɛn/	to dig

Word-initial /v/ is left unchanged.

Dutch/Afrikaans IE~E to Y:

Buerkaans	IPA	Dutch	IPA	English
hyr	/'həi̯ɾ/	hier	/'hi:r/	here
spyle	/'spəi̯lə/	spelen	/'spe:lɛn/	to play
tyke	/'təi̯.kə/	tekenen	/'te:.kɛn.ɛn/	to draw

This tends to happen rather randomly, without a clearly seen pattern, it is most likely the beginning of a full sound shift. It can also be said that, in many cases, German /ei/ is lowered to /əi̯/.

Buerkaans also experiences a general voicing of plosives in mid-word positions. Word-final plosives are subject to change with voicing sandhi, and word-intial plosives can be pronounced either way, depending on where the speaker is from. Southern Buerkáns tends to lean heavily towards mostly-voiced plosives, and Nothern Buerkáns always devoices intial plosives.

German SS to D:

Buerkaans	IPA	German	IPA	English
wader	/'wa.dʌɾ/	wasser	/'was.ɛr/	water
te vyde	/tɛ 'vəi:.dʌ/	weißen	/'wei:s.ɛn/	to know, have knowledge of
straade	/'stra:.dʌ/	straße	/'ʃtra.sɛ/	street

Additionally, the German suffix -isch has been changed to -is.

• die Germanische Sprache --> dï Germänise spraaks - The Germanic languages.

Sandhi

There is a small Sandhi factor to Buerkaans which occurs with the voicing of the last letter of a word in relationship to the phoneme that begins the word after it. This only occurs when a Stop is the last letter of a word, and is followed by an near, mid, or fully-open vowel quality in the next word. If the Stop is not already voiced, it becomes so. In Buerkáns, this means that the letters P~B, T~D, and K are all affected when the next word starts with a single A, Á, E, or O. (This rule does not apply to di/trigraphs) The only sound excepted from this function is /ʌ/, which only occurs after R and D, and therefore cannot appear on its own.

This does not change the already voiced stops, but means that there must always be a voiced stop before an open vowel between words:

det appel
/dʌd‿ˈa:bəl/

the apple

ik spyltet epik
/'ɨk 'spəi̯l.təd‿ˈɛpɪk/

I played well (epically)

jep, oemkí anaars is hyr
/'jɛb‿ˈo:m.ki: 'an.a:rs 'ɨs 'həi̯r/

yep, uncle Ánaars is here

Morphology

Buerkaans morphology is rather simple, and lies somewhere between German and Danish. There are two genders, Common and Neutral, and verbs do not conjugate for person. There are however, three cases for noun declension. Unlike German, Buerkaans is a very regular language.

Nouns

Nouns in Buerkáns are only marked for number and definiteness, as is other Germanic languages. Here is a table displaying the different forms most Buerkáns nouns can take:

Indefinite Singular	Indefinite Plural	Definite Singular	Definite Plural
common:
ën meetj	meetjes	de meetj	dï meetjes
a girl	girls	the girl	the girls
ën knaag	knaags	de knaag	dï knaags
a boy	boys	the boy	the boys
ën hoond	hoonde	de hoond	dï hoonde
a dog	dogs	the dog	the dogs
ën ruiksak	ruiksakke	de ruiksak	dï ruiksakke
a backpack	backpacks	the backpack	the backpacks
neuter:
et hues	hueser	det hues	dï hueser
a house	houses	the house	the houses
et appel	appeler	det appel	dï appeler
an apple	apples	the apple	the apples
et är	är	de är	dï är
a year	years	the year	the years

As shown above, there are 3 different ways to express plurality in Buerkaans. The first two are by suffixing -s or -e to words of the common gender. There is no pattern for this, some words recieve the 'e-plural' while others receive the 's-plural'. However, most common gender words are made plural by the addition of '-s'. In the neuter gender, the plural marker is always '-er'.

When using the '-e' suffix, word-final consonant doubling sometimes happens, as shown in ruigsak --> ruigsakke. This happens for all plosive consonants:

The common-gender indefinite article, èn, is pronounced /ən/, but is shortened to just /n/ in almost all cases.

Consonant doubling for:

• ruiksak - ruiksakke - backpacks

but not for:

• uer - uere - clocks

There are also a few special words which cannot be put into plural form, analagous to 'information' in English. An example is given in the table above with the word är - 'year'. The ony way to tell if the word is being used plurally is in when it is definite. There can one see the definite plural article dï.

Diminutives

There are two diminutive suffixes in Buerkaans: -kï, and -ken. Common gender words take -kï, and neuter words few use -ken. Words that have no plural form tend to favor the -ken:

The diminutive form is often used to convey an affectionate or nepotic feeling towards the noun being marked For example, one would say sokkïs instead of just soks to denote their favorite pair of socks from all the other pairs. Other times it is used to literal effect, and sometimes just for poetic license (for example, to fit a rhyme scheme).

Word	Diminutive Form	Meaning
common:
meetj	meetjkï	little girl, schoolgirl
knaag	knaagkï	little boy, schoolboy
neuter:
hues	huesken	little house
koelkaast	koelkaastken	little fridge

Pronouns

This is the only facet of Buerkaans that retains a three-gender system, as it is necessary to distinguish between masculine and feminine when speaking about people.

Case	1st person
	Singular		Plural
Nominative	ik/ek		vy
Accusative	my		os
Genitive	myn / myt		on / ont
Case	2nd person
	Singular		Plural
Nominative	ju		jul
Accusative	jy		julle
Genitive	jyn / jyt		jullen / jullet
Case	3rd person
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Plural
Nominative	hy	sy	det	dïe
Accusative	him	sy	det	daam
Genitive	syn / syt	syn / syt	syn / syt	dyn / dyt

The reflexive for all persons is the same as the accusative form. The 3rd person nominative pronouns always use syg instead of differentiating gender.

Additionally, the plural form for all 3rd Person Genitive pronouns is sye.

Ik is the official spelling for I, although ek can also be used.

Numbers

Number	Cardinal	Ordinal
0	null
1	een	vauirs
2	tvy	änen
3	try	tred
4	vïr	vïrd
5	fyf	fyfd
6	seks	seksd
7	sebe	sebd
8	ag	agd
9	nyn	nynd
10	tyn	tynd
11	elf	elfd
12	taalv	taalvd
13	trytyn	trytyndï
14	vïrtyn	vïrtyndï
15	fyftyn	fyftyndï
16	sekstyn	sekstyndï
17	sebtyn	sebtyndï
18	agtyn	agtyndï
19	nyntyn	nytyndï
20	tvytï	tvytïte
21	eenantvytï	eenantvytïte
22	tvyantvytï	tvyantvytïte
30	trytï	trytïte
31	eenantrytï	tryantrytïte
40	vïrtï	vïrttïte
50	fyftï	fyftïte
60	sekstïte	sekstïte
70	sebtï	sebtïte
80	agtï	agtïte
90	nyntï	nyntïte
100	hundrï	hundrïte

Numbers have a very regular structure in Buerkaans, with the exception of numbers 1 and 2, which are irregular. The ordinal ending for numbers 3 to 20 is simply d. The ordinal ending for all numbers after 20 is te.

Double-digit numbers are produced as in German. To make the number 21, one must say eenantvytï, literally 'one-and-twenty'.

Verbs

Verbs are only conjugated for tense in Buerkaans, not number/person. Beyond this, all conjugations of a given verb are usually regular according to other verbs in their category. There is only one irregular verb, each verb class has a distinct conjugation pattern. Every verb conjugates the same in Present Tense, and verbs are kept in the infinitive if they are not the primary verb in the sentence. However, this functions more like English and the Scandinavian languages in that two verbs can follow each other directly, as opposed to German where and secondary verbs must be at the end of a sentence or phrase.

Irregular Verbs

There is only one irregular verbs in Buerkáns: to be

Verb	Present	Past	Past Participle	Pluperfect	Meaning
te syne	is	wus	heet gesynd	heette gesynd	to be

Regular Verbs

With the exception of modal verbs, all verbs conjugate in the present tense with -r or -er, depending if the word has a word-final vowel or not. This is a clear adoption from the Scandinavian langauges over a more complicated Dutch, German, or English system. The word te is used in infinitive constructions, and cannot be excluded from the infinitive version of a verb.

Verb	Present	Meaning
te gaae	gaar	to go, walk
te eede	eeder	to eat
te loobe	loober	to run

Here is a full conjugation table

Verb	Present	Past	Past Participle	Pluperfect	Future	Passive	Meaning
te gaae	gaar	gaan	heet gigaan	heette gigaan	sjuet gaae	gaaes	to be
te sjuede	sjueder	sjod	heet gisjod	heette gisjod	sjuet sjuede	sjuedes	to shoot
te hore	horer	hort	heet gihort	heette gihort	sjuet hore	hores	to hear

One can see that, for the most part, verbs in Buerkaans do not have different past and perfect/pluperfect forms. The only real difference is that the prefix gi is added to indicate the tense, as well as the use of heet and heette. Future tense can be made with either muet - must, sjuet - should, must, or vil - will, depending upon the situation.

Syntax

Buerkaans follows the standard Germanic SVO word order, but it can become muddled when more than one verb is involved. Word order is not as free as in German, due to the lack of case-marking, but sentences can still be switched around in a few cases.

The V2 Rule

A sentence in Buerkaans always follows the V2-rule, which dictates that the verb must always come after the subject of the sentence.

• Correct: Hy gaar te de maarkt - He goes to the market
• Incorrect: Hy te de maarkt gaar - He to the market goes

The only instance when this rule is ignored is when a phrase is made into a question.

• Correct: Gaar hy te de maarkt? - Is he going to the market? (lit. Goes he to the market?)
• Incorect: Hy gaar te de maarkt? - He goes to the market?

Multiple Verbs

To express a complex idea, more than one verb needs to be used. The first, or main verb, will always follow the V2 rule as shown above. And verbs after the Main verb (Auxiliary verbs), may come directly after or be placed at the end of the sentence, depening on the tense the verb is in.

• Hee, ik is Darthme, en ik heet de germanise gimaktspraak gimakt! - Hello, I'm Darthme, and I have made the Germanic conlang Buerkaans!

Samples

One bright day in the middle of the night,
two dead boys got up to fight.
Back to back they faced each other
drew their swords and shot each other.
The deaf policeman heard this noise:
came and shot the two dead boys.
if you don't believe this lie is true,
ask the blind man; he saw it too.

Én lues daag, in de midnaagt,
tvy toede knaags stued op om te sjloeës.
Ruig geeën ruig konfrontïrt dïe damander,
toeg sye swaardkïs uet en sjod damander.
Dï dauife polïsmán heette dehyr klaang gihort:
kom en sjod dï tvy toede knaags.
ib nigt jy trauwe dehyr lueg nigt sänt is,
frag énmaal de blinde män; hy saa et aukso.