Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin/Proto-Ăn Yidiș: Difference between revisions

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Final slender ch > -h
Final slender ch > -h


Slender r = Czech ř, slender l = l like in Polish
Broad r/rr = r, slender r/rr = Czech ř
 
broad l/ll = dark L, slender l/ll = l like in Polish;
 
ň for slender nn but everything else becomes n


* a = /a/, [æ] before slender
* a = /a/, [æ] before slender

Revision as of 20:11, 7 December 2021

A Middle Irish dialect; phonologically close to the Cîzon (before vowel length was lost) and grammatically (morphologically) volatile; the nominative, genitive and vocative are still in use but the dative and the accusative have disappeared. The auxiliary system has been stabilized but with some slightly different forms or prepositions depending on the Ăn Yidiș dialect. Should be intelligible to a modern Irish or Gàidhlig speaker.

Should Hebrew loans have been borrowed at this stage?

From German Wikipedia:

Im Großen und Ganzen ist das Mittelirische von einer Vereinfachung der teilweise sehr komplizierten altirischen Grammatik gekennzeichnet. Die augenfälligste Entwicklung besteht wohl in der Auflösung des doppelten Verbalsystems im Altirischen. In den meisten Fällen dienen nun die konjunkten bzw. prototonischen (also vormals abhängigen) Verbformen als Grundformen. Wenige Ausnahmen sind bis heute als unregelmäßige Verben im modernen Irisch erhalten.

Weitere Merkmale sind der Wegfall des neutralen Geschlechts der Substantive und Adjektive, der zögerlich zunehmende Einsatz von analytischen Bildungen und Verlaufsformen. Die oft unregelmäßige Orthographie weist zudem darauf hin, dass alle unbetonten Kurzvokale zum Zentralvokal /ə/ neutralisiert werden (diese Entwicklung begann bereits im Spätaltirischen, ab ca. 750). Die im Altirischen noch unterschiedenen Laute /ð/ und /ɣ/ fallen zu /ɣ/ zusammen. Der stimmlose dentale Frikativ /θ/ wurde zu /h/ verhaucht. Ansonsten sind eine oft kaum nachzuvollziehende, unregelmäßige Verwendung älterer und modernerer Wortformen sowie allgemein starke Unregelmäßigkeiten in Orthographie und Grammatik zu verzeichnen.

Phonology

Fully devoiced stop system (that's why tet and qoph are d and g)

Depalatalization of slender consonants in similar contexts as in Polish/Czech

Labials partly depalatalize, partle become bj pj mj fj vj

mh > nasal vowel + v

Slender c g = still palatal stops; slender t d = Mandarin q j (This explains why zayin/tsade were mapped to slender d/t); iotated t/d = čh č (merges with slender t d in Ăn Căyzon, but merges with slender c/g in some dialects)

Final slender ch > -h

Broad r/rr = r, slender r/rr = Czech ř

broad l/ll = dark L, slender l/ll = l like in Polish;

ň for slender nn but everything else becomes n

  • a = /a/, [æ] before slender
  • ann all arr = /auR/
  • à = /ɔː/
  • e = /ɛ/
  • è, eu = /ɛː/ > /eə/ (before broad C), /ɛː/ (before slender C)
  • é = /e:/ > /ej/ in some conditions/dialects
  • e before broad mh > /ja/
  • eaRR = /jɔː/, /eə/
  • eo = /jʌ/ when short, /jo:/ when long
  • i = /i/
  • ì = /i:/
  • ia, iRR = /iə/
  • iù = /y:/
  • o = /ʌ/
  • ò, oRR = /O:/ > /oə/
  • ó = /o:/ > /u:/
  • u = /u/
  • ù = /ü:/
  • ua = /uə/
  • ao = /əj/

Grammar

Nouns

Proto-Ăn Yidiș lost the neuter gender and the dual number, and had at least the nominative and the genitive. It's unknown whether the vocative survived. The accusative and dative were replaced by the nominative; genitive-marked objects of verbal nouns were in the process of being replaced with nominative forms. Possessives began to be marked with the an X a(i)g Y construction.

Adjectives

Verbs

*Tà me neidh ith (< *Tá mé i ndiaidh ith 'I am after eating') became the default construction for the past perfective (cf. German).

Vocabulary