Riagi: Difference between revisions

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Adjectives are placed directly after the noun they modify, when stacking adjectives these must be separated by the particle ''''a''' to avoid their adverbalization
Adjectives are placed directly after the noun they modify, when stacking adjectives these must be separated by the particle ''''a''' to avoid their adverbalization
==== ''Adpositions'' ====
==== ''Adpositions'' ====
Adpositions must be placed after a copular verb, if no such verb is present then a reference marker is to be used instead
Adpositions need to be located after a verb, if no verb is present then a reference marker is placed to act as one.


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Revision as of 01:05, 2 August 2014


Riagi
Rīagi
Pronunciation[/ɾiːaɰi/]
Created byMiguel Bartelsman
Date2014
SettingAokae world
Riagi
  • Riagi
Official status
Regulated byAcademy of spiritual and magical arts
Language codes
ISO 639-3qrr

Introduction

Riagi is an a priori constructed language designed to be the mother-thong and language-of-the-gods in the constructed fantasy world of Aokae. The language is widely used throughout the world in rituals and scriptures and to communicate with powerful spirits and gods. Even though it has no native speakers, it is believed to have been the first language to be spoken and most languages in the world are derived either directly or indirectly from it.

Its phonology is inspired by the descriptions of the Eloi language given in the book of The Time Machine and by Polynesian languages such as Maori and Hawaiian, likewise, the script it uses is vaguely derived from the Rongorongo inscription found in Easter Island and by Javanese and its parent Old Kawi.

Its grammar is not directly derived from any one language, instead is a mix of grammatical features meant to give it a unique feel. It’s a language focused on the reasons behind actions and their context rather than in actions themselves.

Phonology

Even though Riagi does not have a large amount of different sounds, it compensates for it by distinguishing between long and short vowels and long and short stops changing the amount of phonemes from 13 consonants and 5 vowels to 16 consonants and 10 vowels.

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal /m/ /n/ - /ŋ/ -
Stop /p pː/ /t tː/ - /k kː/ /ʔ/
Fricative /f/ ~ /ʃ/ - - -
Approximant /β/ ~ /ð/ /j/ /ɰ/ /h/
Flap - /ɾ/ - - -

Riagi has a wide range of free variation, the labio-alveolar voiceless fricative, being the only fricative in the inventory, has free variation between [ɸ], [f], [θ], [s] and [ʃ]. Similarly, the labio-alveolar voiced approximant has free variation between [β], [ʋ] and [ð]. And because Riagi has no voiced fricatives of any sort, all voiced approximants can be 'correctly' pronounced as their voiced fricatives equivalents.

Gemination

Phonemic gemination is only found in Riagi in the voiceless stops /p/, /t/ and /k/.

Vowels

Front Back
Close /i iː/ /u uː/
Close-mid /e eː/ /o oː/
Open /a aː/ -

Long vowels

Unlike consonants, vowel elongation is found in all vowels

Diphthongs

Short diphthongs are formed by a central or back vowel followed by an equal or closer vowel: /ae/, /ao/, /ai/, /au/, /oe/, /oi/, /ou/, /ui/

Long diphthongs are formed by a long vowel followed by /a/: /eːa/, /oːa/, /iːa/, /uːa/

Phonotactics

The syllable structure in Riagi is quite simple, it consists of an optional onset consonant followed by a vowel or diphthong, or (C)V(V).

Stress

Riagi has a predictable stress that falls on the penultimate syllable, irregular words (often loanwords) have their stressed syllable marked by an acute diacritic on the last vowel.

Romanization

The following romanization is going to be used throughout the article

  • /m/ → m
  • /n/ → n
  • /ŋ/ → ng
  • /p/ → p
  • /pː/ → pp
  • /t/ → t
  • /tː/ → tt
  • /k/ → k
  • /kː/ → kk
  • /ʔ/ → '
  • /f/ ~ /ʃ/ → s
  • /β/ ~ /ð/ → v
  • /j/ → j
  • /ɰ/ → g
  • /h/ → h
  • /r/ → r
  • /a/ → a
  • /aː/ → ä, ā
  • /e/ → e
  • /eː/ → ë, ē
  • /i/ → i
  • /iː/ → ï, ī
  • /o/ → o
  • /oː/ → ö, ō
  • /u/ → u
  • /uː/ → ü, ū

Morphology

Riagi is a predominantly agglutinative language with a fair share of fusion.

Glossing abbreviations are found next to their respective terms and within parenthesis. Morphemes not found in tables are in bold text.

Nouns

The affix positions are the following: NOUN.case.obviative.number

Cases

Riagi has a system of dual noun cases where one marks the syntactic role and the other the semantic role

Argument Cases

Argument cases are cases which mark the different arguments on a sentence.

  • Nominative (nom)
    Marks the agent of a transitive verb and the active subject of an intransitive verb
  • Absolutive (abs)
    Marks the object of a transitive verb and the passive subject of an intransitive verb
  • Dative (dat)
    Marks the indirect objects of a verb
Thematic Cases

Thematic cases are cases which mark the thematic relations between each of the arguments on a sentence.

  • Agentive ( - )
    Marks the entity which carries out the action, this theme is exclusive to the nominative case.
  • Patientive (pat)
    Marks the patient or theme, that is the entity that undergoes the action, it is unmarked
  • Instrumental (ins)
    Marks the instrument or entity with which the action was carried out, this can be a tool or a person.
  • Locative (loc)
    Marks the location or time at which the action was performed
  • Benefactive (ben)
    Marks the entity for whose benefit the action occurs, this includes recipients with verbs that express change of possession
  • Origative (ori)
    Marks the place, time, motive or cause from which the action originated
  • Metative (met)
    Marks the direction, purpose or objective towards which the action aims
Declensions
Agentive Patientive Instrumental Locative Benefactive Origative Metative
Ø o oe ae a i ui
Nominative Ø Ø o -oe -ae -a -i -ui
Absolutive t - -to -toe -tae -ta -ti -tui
Dative m - -mo -moe -mae -ma -mi -mui

Obviative

Riagi has three levels of obviative/proximate distinctions

  • Proximate
    The most salient or proximate entity, unmarked
  • Obviative (obv) -ge
    The obviative marks a less salient entity
  • Further Obviative (fobv) -gē
    The further obviative mark is much less common, it marks an entity less salient than an obviative

Number

Riagi has number marking for both count and mass nouns. Number is marked after cases.

  • Singular (sg)
    The singular form is the default number for count nouns, it indicates a single element (i.e. A pen. A book)
  • Singulative (svg) -'e
    The singulative form marks a single unit of a mass noun, the unit is culturally and contextually determined (i.e. A drop of water. A grain of salt)
  • Collective (col)
    The collective form is the default number for mass nouns (i.e. Water. Salt)
  • Plural or Plurative (pl) -'o
    The plural or plurative form marks both a group of countable nouns and a group of mass nouns (i.e. Pens. Books. Waters. Salts)

Pronouns

First Person (1) Dual Person (D) Second Person (2) Third Person (3)
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
ē ō na nao sa sano rage rago
Fourth Person (4) Fifth Person (5)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
nae nae'o re re'o
Zero Person (0)
Singular Plural
anga anga'o
  • The First person plural is exclusive
  • The Dual person singular indicates both the Speaker and the Addressee
  • The Dual person Plural is an inclusive version of the first person plural
  • The Fourth person is an indefinite category that encompasses First and Dual persons. "These ones think so" (referring to themselves)
  • The Fifth person is similar to the fourth but covers Second and Third persons.
  • The Zero person is a completely generic category. "One could say so"

Verbs

The affix positions are the following: tense-aspect.VERB.mood.negation

Tense

Rjargi has four tenses:

  • Past (pst)
    Sets the reference time of the action in the past
  • Present (prs)
    Sets the reference time of the action in the present
  • Future (fut)
    Sets the reference time of the action in the future
  • Gnomic (gno)
    Does not limit the reference time of the action to a specific time

Aspect

Rjargi has five aspects:

  • Perfective (pfv)
    Describes the action as a whole or without interior composition
  • Retrospective (ret)
    Describes an action that took place before the frame of reference
  • Continuous (cont)
    Describes an action taking place within the frame of reference
  • Prospective (prosp)
    Describes an action expected or taking place in the future of the frame of reference
  • Habitual (hab)
    Describes an action that takes place regularly within the reference time

Tense-Aspect Affixes

Perfective Retrospective Continuous Prospective Habitual
a i ao ae u
Past r ra- ri- rao- rae- ru-
Present Ø Ø i- ao- ae- u-
Future kk kka- kki- kkao- kkae- kku-
Gnomic m ma- mi- mao- mae- mu-

Mood

Moods are divided in External, Internal and Evidential

External
  • Permissive (prm) -tou
    Used to express permission
  • Requisitive (req) -nēa
    Used to express requests or suggestions
  • Compulsory (cls) -po
    Used to express orders and commands
  • Impositive (ims) -se
    Used to express expectations or imposed actions
Internal
  • Promissory (pms) -ga
    Used to express for promises oaths or threats
  • Desiderative (des) -si
    Used to express willingness or intent
  • Aspirative (asp) -joe
    Used to express hopes, fears or wishes
  • Necessitative (nec) -no
    Used to express needs or obligations
Evidential
  • Factual (fac) -ve'e
    Indicates the certainty of the action
  • Probable (pbl) -va
    Indicates the likelihood of the action
  • Improbable (ipb) -hā
    Indicates the unlikelihood of the action
  • Potential (ptn) -tao
    Indicates the possibility of the action, regardless of it's likelihood

Negation

Negation is done through the affix -hīa placed at the end of a verb or coverb

Coverbs

Coverbs are words used in serial verb constructions, they are placed after the main verb and take inflections when the main verb can't or shouldn't because it's already fully inflected or it's meaning requires it that way. Two coverbs exist in Riagi

  • Aono
    Used as a coverb of stative verbs
  • Hare
    Used as coverb of dynamic verbs

Determiners

Pro-forms

Interrogative Demonstrative Quantifier
Proximal Distal Universal Existential Elective Alternate Negative
Personal ta'e ta (sg)
tao (pl)
tare (sg)
taro (pl)
tauma ta'ota ta'ina hōvi ho'i
Impersonal ho'e ho (sg)
ho'o (pl)
hore (sg)
horo (pl)
houma ho'ota ho'ina
Place kko'e kko kkore kkouma kko'ota kko'ina ngōvi ngo'i
Time ngo'e ngo ngore
Manner moi'e moi - moi'ota - - -
Origin, Quality gi'e gi - gi'ota - - -
Goal, Reason gui'e gui - gui'ota - - -

Genitives

Personal

Personal forms are used for human animates

First Person (1) Dual Person (D) Second Person (2) Third Person (3)
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
aee aoo naīa najo saīa sajo raje rajo
Fourth Person (4) Fifth Person (5)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
nāe nāe'o are are'o
Zero Person (0)
Singular Plural
angīa angīa'o
Impersonal

For inanimates places and abstract nouns the determiner āja is used

Conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions

  • Cumulative
    • 'a - Presents a non-contrasting idea
    • 'ai - Presents a non-contrasting negative idea
  • Adversative
    • seno - Presents a contrasting idea
  • Alternative
    • no - Presents an alternative
  • Illative
    • mani - Presents a cause
    • pui - Presents a consequence
  • Explanative
    • sōto - Presents an explanation

₪ Subordinating conjunctions

Particles

Reference markers

Reference markers are verb-like copulas that can take an object and a referenced argument as their subject for the purpose of building subordinate clauses. But unlike verbs, they cannot be conjugated and their word structure is strictly VO with the subject implicit in the particle.

  • Subject reference marker (srm) vāe
    References the subject of it's supraordinating clause as its subject
  • Object reference marker (orm) vāte
    References the object of it's supraordinating clause as its subject
  • Indirect object reference marker (irm) vāme
    References the indirect object of it's supraordinating clause as its subject

Numerals

Riagi uses a base-20 numeric system (similar to the mayan numerals)

₪ Derivational Morphology

₪ Compounds

₪ From Nouns

₪ From Verbs

₪ From Adforms

Syntax

For syntax samples see sample sentences

Word order

The Subject goes before the object whenever possible, indefinite arguments are placed before the verb, definite arguments after, possible word orders are:

  • VSO - Both arguments are definite
  • SVO - Subject is indefinite and object is definite
  • OVS - Object is indefinite and subject is definite
  • SOV - Both arguments are indefinite

Indirect objects are placed after the subject and object whenever possible.

Adverbs

Adverbs are placed after the word they modify

Adjectives

Adjectives are placed directly after the noun they modify, when stacking adjectives these must be separated by the particle 'a to avoid their adverbalization

Adpositions

Adpositions need to be located after a verb, if no verb is present then a reference marker is placed to act as one.

is inside dog.nom box.abs.pat
the dog is inside the box
climb.pst.pfv cat.nom tree.abs.pat orm next.to house.abs.pat
the cat climbed the tree next to the house
eat.pst.pfv kids.nom food.abs.pat srm on floor.abs.pat
the kids ate the food on the floor

₪ Clauses

₪ Declarative

₪ Interrogative

₪ Exclamatory

₪ Imperative

₪ Transitivity

₪ Valence increasing

₪ Causative
₪ Applicative
₪ Benefactive

₪ Valence decreasing

₪ Passive voice
₪ Antipassive
₪ Reflexive

₪ Coordination

₪ Subordination

₪ Writing system

₪ Alphabet

₪ Orthography

₪ Typography

₪ Cultural usage of language