Nurian/Old/Morphology: Difference between revisions

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Standard [[Nurian]] is the most conservative [[Talmic]] language morphology-wise; it preserves much of [[Thensarian]] morphology.
==Todo==


==Nouns==
Nurian nouns have one of three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) and inflect in two numbers (singular and plural) and in case/state (absolute nominative, absolute genitive, construct).
Nouns and adjectives fall into predetermined declension classes, regardless of the [[Thensarian]] etymology. Exceptions are some irregular nouns and adjectives.
===Masculine nouns===
Masculine nouns typically end in -ą, -į, -ų, or -ūr.
''-ą'' nouns:
{{Nurian-n-decl|means=pasta guitar-like musical instrument|aġġiakkāt-'''ą'''|aġġiakkāt-'''ai'''|aġġiakkāt-'''ū'''|aġġiakkāt-'''uoni''', '''-uon'''|aġġiakkāt-'''at'''|aġġiakkāt-'''abeh'''}}
''-į'' nouns:
{{Nurian-n-decl|means=plant, vegetable|thab-'''į'''|thab-'''ieh'''|thab-'''ei'''|thab-'''īni''', '''-īn'''|thab-'''it'''|thab-'''ibeh'''}}
''-ų'' nouns:
{{Nurian-n-decl|means=sea|fannh-'''ų'''|fannh-'''ūh'''|fannh-'''ui'''|fannh-'''ūni''', '''-ūn'''|fannh-'''ut'''|fannh-'''ubeh'''}}
===Feminine nouns===
Feminine nouns typically end in -ai, -ei, -ī, -i, or -ui.
''-ai'' nouns:
{{Nurian-n-decl|means=body|gand-'''ai'''|gand-'''ar'''|gand-'''ia'''|gand-'''āni''', '''-ān'''|gand-'''ąs'''|gand-'''ābeh'''}}
''-ei'' nouns:
{{Nurian-n-decl|means=hand|tīm-'''ei'''|tīm-'''er'''|tīm-'''ia'''|tīm-'''ēni''', '''-ēn'''|tīm-'''ęs'''|tīm-'''ēbeh'''}}
''-ui'' nouns:
{{Nurian-n-decl|means=snake|maċċi-'''ui'''|maċċi-'''ur'''|maċċi-'''a'''|maċċi-'''ūni''', -'''ūn'''|maċċi-'''ųs'''|maċċi-'''ūbeh'''}}
''-ī'' nouns:
{{Nurian-n-decl|means=love|aill-'''ī'''|aill-'''ir'''|aill-'''ia'''|aill-'''īni''', -'''īn'''|aill-'''įs'''|aill-'''ībeh'''}}
''-i'' nouns:
{{Nurian-n-decl|means=leaf|tam-'''i'''|tam-'''ar'''|tam-'''ia'''|tam-'''īni''', -'''īn'''|tam-'''ąs'''|tam-'''ibeh'''}}
===Neuter nouns===
Neuter nouns end in -ah, -ih, -uh, -h, or sometimes other consonants.
''-ah'' nouns:
{{Nurian-n-decl|means=child|tett-'''ah'''|tett-'''ų'''|tett-'''ą'''|tett-'''uoni''', -'''uon'''|tett-'''at'''|tett-'''abeh'''}}
''-ih'' nouns:
{{Nurian-n-decl|means=name|vel-'''ih'''|vel-'''ių'''|vel-'''į'''|vel-'''īni''', -'''īn'''|vel-'''it'''|vel-'''ibeh'''}}
Also: ''davih'' 'valley'
''-uh'' nouns:
{{Nurian-n-decl|means=herd|ċhid-'''uh'''|ċhid-'''ų'''|ċhid-'''ų'''|ċhid-'''ūni''', -'''ūn'''|ċhid-'''ut'''|ċhid-'''ubeh'''}}
C-stem nouns, C = h (from Thensarian φ):
{{Nurian-n-decl|means=fire|thūs|thuh-'''ą'''|thuh-'''ą'''|thuh-'''uoni''', -'''uon'''|thuh-'''et'''|thuh-'''ibeh'''}}
C-stem nouns, C = t, th, d:
{{Nurian-n-decl|means=stem|bies|bied-'''ą'''|bied-'''ą'''|bied-'''uoni''', -'''uon'''|bied-'''et'''|bied-'''ibeh'''}}
Also ''kammąs, kammantą'' 'wife' (grammatically feminine).
C-stem nouns, C = k, kh, g:
{{Nurian-n-decl|means=wool|ȝażīs|ȝażik-'''ą'''|ȝażik-'''ą'''|ȝażik-'''uoni''', -'''uon'''|ȝażiċ-'''et'''|ȝażik-'''ibeh'''}}
ȝ-stem nouns:
{{Nurian-n-decl|means=water|jen-'''āh'''|jen-'''aȝą'''|jen-'''aȝą'''|jen-'''aȝuoni''', -'''uon'''|jen-'''āt'''|jen-'''ābeh'''}}
ħ-stem nouns:
{{Nurian-n-decl|means=horn|hel-'''āh'''|hel-'''aħą'''|hel-'''aħą'''|hel-'''aħuoni''', -'''uon'''|hel-'''āt'''|hel-'''ābeh'''}}
C-stem nouns, C none of the above:
{{Nurian-n-decl|means=sound|uor|uor-'''ą'''|uor-'''ą'''|uor-'''uoni''', -'''uon'''|uor-'''et'''|uor-'''ibeh'''}}
==Adjectives==
===Declension===
''a'' adjectives
{{Nurian-adj-decl|means=good|lhām-'''ą'''|lhām-'''ai'''|lhām-'''ah'''|lhām-'''ę'''|lhām-'''ar'''|lhām-'''ų'''|lhām-'''ū'''|lhām-'''ia'''|lhām-'''ā'''|lhām-'''uon(i)'''|lhām-'''ān(i)'''|lhām-'''uon(i)'''|lhām-'''at'''|lhām-'''ąs'''|lhām-'''at'''|lhām-'''abeh'''|lhām-'''ābeh'''|lhām-'''abeh'''}}
''i'' adjectives
{{Nurian-adj-decl|means=wet|kiāδ-'''į'''|kiāδ-'''ī'''|kiāδ-'''ih'''|kiāδ-'''ieh'''|kiāδ-'''ir'''|kiāδ-'''ių'''|kiāδ-'''ei'''|kiāδ-'''ia'''|kiāδ-'''į'''|kiāδ-'''īn(i)'''|kiāδ-'''īn(i)'''|kiāδ-'''īn(i)'''|kiāδ-'''it'''|kiāδ-'''įs'''|kiāδ-'''it'''|kiāδ-'''ibeh'''|kiāδ-'''ībeh'''|kiāδ-'''ibeh'''}}
''u'' adjectives
{{Nurian-adj-decl|means=salty|rhat-'''ų'''|rhat-'''ui'''|rhat-'''uh'''|rhat-'''ūh'''|rhat-'''ur'''|rhat-'''ų'''|rhat-'''ui'''|rhat-'''ia'''|rhat-'''ų'''|rhat-'''ūn(i)'''|rhat-'''ūn(i)'''|rhat-'''ūn(i)'''|rhat-'''ut'''|rhat-'''ųs'''|rhat-'''ut'''|rhat-'''ubeh'''|rhat-'''ūbeh'''|rhat-'''ubeh'''}}
''C'' adjectives
{{Nurian-adj-decl|means=loyal|nhangatą|nhangati|nhangās|nhangatāh|nhangatar|nhangatą|nhangatū|nhangatia|nhangatą|nhangatuon(i)|nhangatān(i)|nhangatuon(i)|nhangatet|nhangatąs|nhangatet|nhangatibeh|nhangatibeh|nhangatibeh}}
===Degree===
Comparative is formed by reduplication.
Superlative: ''-ussą, -ussani, -ussąs''
==Verbs==
===Preverbs===
*''aC-'' = some kind of applicative
*''di-'' = in, into
*''hei-'' = with
===Object affixes===
Object affixes fall between the preverb and the root.
===TAM===
====Present====
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tussāni'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''tareni'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aillini'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''kassani'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || tussāni || tareni || aillini || kassani
|-
| 2SG || tussāri || tareri || ailliri || kassari
|-
| 3SG.M || tussą || tarę || aillį || kassą
|-
| 3SG.F || tussāh || tareh || aillih || kassah
|-
| 3SG.N || tussā || tare || ailli || kassa
|-
| 1EX || tussāme || tareme || aillime || kassame
|-
| 1IN || tussānti || tarenti || aillinti || kassanti
|-
| 2PL || tussāċhi || tareċhi || ailliċhi || kassaċhi
|-
| 3PL || tussāti || tareti || ailliti || kassati
|}
====Present progressive====
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tussāni'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''tareni'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aillini'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''kassani'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || tussānih || tarenih || aillinih || kassanih
|-
| 2SG || tussārih || tarerih || aillirih || kassarih
|-
| 3SG.M || tussamih || taremih || aillimih || kassamih
|-
| 3SG.F || tussāsih || taresih || aillisih || kassasih
|-
| 3SG.N || tussamih || taremih || aillimih || kassamih
|-
| 1EX || tussāmēh || taremēh || aillimēh || kassamēh
|-
| 1IN || tussāntih || tarentih || aillintih || kassantih
|-
| 2PL || tussāċhih || tareċhih || ailliċhih || kassaċhih
|-
| 3PL || tussātih || taretih || aillitih || kassatih
|}
====Imperfect====
Reduplication rules:
*If word begins with C, redup first CV (V is shortened)
====Preterite====
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tussāni'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''tareni'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aillini'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''kassani'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || tussādī || taredī || aillidī || ċēdī
|-
| 2SG || tussai || tarī || aillī || ċēvȳ
|-
| 3SG.M || tussāmhi || taremhi || aillimhi || ċēmhi
|-
| 3SG.F || tussātthi || taretthi || aillitthi || ċētthi
|-
| 3SG.N || tussāsa || taresa || aillisa || ċēsa
|-
| 1EX || tussāmer || taremer || aillimer || ċēmer
|-
| 1IN || tussānter || tarenter || aillinter || ċēnter
|-
| 2PL || tussāċher || tareċher || ailliċher || ċēċher
|-
| 3PL || tussāti || tareti || ailliti || ċēter
|}
====Future====
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tussāni'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''tareni'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aillini'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''kassani'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || tussātēni || taretēni || aillitēni || kāthēni
|-
| 2SG || tussātēri || taretēri || aillitēri || kāthēri
|-
| 3SG.M || tussātę || taretę || aillitę || kāthę
|-
| 3SG.F || tussātēh || taretēh || aillitēh || kāthēh
|-
| 3SG.N || tussātē || taretē || aillitē || kāthē
|-
| 1EX || tussātēmē || taretēmē || aillitēmē || kāthēmē
|-
| 1IN || tussātenti || taretenti || aillitenti || kāthēnti
|-
| 2PL || tussātēċhi || taretēċhi || aillitēċhi || kāthēċhi
|-
| 3PL || tussātēti || taretēti || aillitēti || kāthēti
|}
===Participles===
===Infinitives===
Like Finnish but unlike Thensarian, Nurian has several infinitives.
1st infinitive: -h or -uh: ''tussah'', ''kassuh''
2nd infinitive: -ākah: ''tussākah'', ''kassākah''

Latest revision as of 18:49, 17 January 2022

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