Lax An: Difference between revisions
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===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
Every syllable of Lax An required at least one vowel, with the most common syllable structures being CV, followed by CVC and V. C consisted of, at most, two consonants, while V only represented a single vowel. There did not seem to be a restriction on how many syllables a single word may consist of. | Every syllable of Lax An required at least one vowel, with the most common syllable structures being CV, followed by CVC and V. C consisted of, at most, two consonants, while V only represented a single vowel. There did not seem to be a restriction on how many syllables a single word may consist of. | ||
Phonotactical restrictions for Lax An remain a subject of conjecture and debate. | |||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== |
Revision as of 21:31, 29 August 2014
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(We speak our Lax-An, we long for our ancestor's home)
Lax-An, or Ancestor's Tongue, is an a posteriori language created to be part of the history of a science fiction culture by Zomborgs.
History
Lore
The Lax-An language (LA) is the linguistic reconstruction of the first language spoken by those (Humans) first brought into (the Void). Scholars hypothesize that LA was the result of a merging of Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Afro-Asiatic languages and estimate that it was spoken as a simple language until (year) (era), when the language was split into (Proto-Scholar) and (Proto-Dev-Merc-Polit) due to cultural isolation and exposure to both new cultures and new vocabulary.
The existence of LA was first proved in the (*** century) by (name), who observed the use of a unique, well-defined language used by the first (wave) of (Humans) while researching historical records held by (the First). Efforts have since been made to continue analysis and documentation of both the culture and the language used by this first era of (Humans) whenever possible.
Reality
For the sake of creating four separate-yet-connected languages and cultures that feel as realistic and natural as possible, I have decided to start with a proto-language that I can gradually evolve into four separate languages.
The theory behind Lax-An is that large groups of humans were simultaneously stolen away from two separate areas of Earth over the period of several decades. The resulting peoples (the speakers of Proto-Indo-European and Proto-AFro-Asiatic languages) were then forced to combine cultures and languages due to close proximity. This new language continued without major change until the group was divided and then recombined, separately, with two new languages and cultures.
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Coronal | Palatal | Dorsal | Pharyngeal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
"plain velar" | "labiovelar" | ||||||
Nasal | m | n | |||||
Plosive |
voiceless |
p | t | k | kʷ | ||
Voiced | b | d | g | ||||
Fricative | θ, s, ʂ, ʐ | ç | x, ɣ | ʕ | |||
Liquid | r, l | ||||||
Semivowel | j | w |
B D G H₁ H₂ H₃ J K L M N P Q R S T V W X Y Z b d g ç x ɣ j k l m n p kʷ r s t θ w ʂ ʕ ʐ
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
short | long | short | long | short | long | |
High | /ɪ/ | /iː/ | /ʊ/ | /uː/ | ||
Mid | /eː/ | /oː/ | ||||
Low | /a/ |
A I U E II O UU a ɪ ʊ e i o u
Stress and Pitch
It is believed that Lax-An had a pitch accent system in which all words had only one accented syllable which received a high pitch. Stress could fall on any syllable of a word and was thought to differ based on the length and purpose of the word in question.
Phonotactics
Every syllable of Lax An required at least one vowel, with the most common syllable structures being CV, followed by CVC and V. C consisted of, at most, two consonants, while V only represented a single vowel. There did not seem to be a restriction on how many syllables a single word may consist of.
Phonotactical restrictions for Lax An remain a subject of conjecture and debate.
Morphology
Syntax
Less is known about the syntax of LA than about its morphology.
Word Order
A subject of conjecture and debate, popular theory holds that Subject-Object-Verb was likely used, as this is the word order still found in ***, ***, and, to some extent, in ***.
(PAA)
use of infixes, rather than prefixes and suffixes, to represent grammatical relations and form new words;
Vocabulary
Number | Lax An Word | Lax An Word Meaning | Proto-Afroasiatic Word | Proto-AA Word Meaning | Proto-Indoeuropean Word | Proto-IE Word Meaning |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ami | I | ʾanā | I | me | I |
2 | atuh₂ | you (sing) | atta | you | túh₂ | you |
3 | h₁uu | he | hú | he | * | * |
4 | wuja | we | nəħna | we | wéy | we |
5 | atuuo | you (pl) | attōn | you | yū | you |
6 | h₁um | they | hum | they | * | * |
7 | kav | this | hāðē | this | kod | this |
8 | tad | that | hāhu | that | tód | that |
9 | uune | here | hunā | here | * | * |
10 | uunega | there | hunāka | there | * | * |
11 | manis | who | mannu | who | kʷis | who |
12 | me | what | mā | what | * | * |
13 | age | where | ʾaykā | where | * | * |
14 | mave | when | mâθay | when | * | * |
15 | agun | how | ʾaykan | how | * | * |
16 | na | not | ma | not | ne | not |
17 | duum | all | tVm | all | * | * |
18 | hawl | many | HawVl | many | * | * |
19 | kalo | some | kmā | some | kaylo, solwo | some |
20 | udet | few | ḫədāṭ | few | * | * |
21 | h₂elvruo | other | ʾaħér | other | h₂el-yó | other |
22 | vonuu | one, 1 | ʾaħadu | one | (H)óynos | one |
23 | bayax | two, 2 | baʕiĉ̣ | two | dwóh₁ | two |
24 | xajis | three, 3 | šalāš | three | tréyes | three |
25 | tworba | four, 4 | ʾarbaʿ | four | kʷetwóres | four |
26 | banqi | five, 5 | ḫ/ḥup/bin | five | pénkʷe | five |
27 | kop | big | kabVr | big | * | * |
28 | luuh₂k | long | ĉaʔd | long | dluh₂gʰós | long |
29 | luva | wide | rəħub | wide | * | * |
30 | viin | thick | ʿvīṭā | thick | bʰenǵʰ | thick |
31 | h₃aluu | heavy | ɣaluč̣ | heavy | gʷer(h₂) | heavy |
32 | guz | small | kus | small | mey | small |
33 | rugos | short | qâṣâr | short | mreǵʰú | short |
34 | h₂unga | narrow | qatnu | narrow | h₂enǵʰ | narrow |
35 | tanuus | thin | rVḳ | thin | ténh₂us | thin |
36 | gamun | female | ʔamin | woman | gʷḗn | woman |
37 | xuro | male | ʒ/ǯa | man | wiHrós | man |
38 | manixa | human being | ga/ič(-aʔ) | human being | mánus | human being |
39 | puwuud | child | w/yVd | child | nepeh₃t | grandson/nephew |
40 | uxo | wife | ʾiššâ | wife | snúsos | daugter-in-law |
41 | dawa | husband | ḥawVy | husband | *daywe | husband's brother |
42 | mamu | mother | ʔVma | mother | méh₂tēr | mother |
43 | papu | father | bab | father | ph₂tḗr | father |
44 | yomyum | animal | ʕum-ʕam | animal | * | * |
45 | kuu | fish | bus | fish | dʰǵʰu | fish |
46 | suwa | bird | sabaḥ | bird | h₂éwis | bird |
47 | kor | dog | kayar | dog | ḱwṓ | dog |
48 | niin | louse | ʔint | louse | knid | louse |
49 | suvan | snake | sVf | snake | h₂engwi | snake |
50 | rom | worm | dVm | worm | wr̥mi | worm |
51 | dowuu | tree | rVwVy | tree | dóru | tree |
52 | xuur | forest | suʕVr | forest | * | * |
53 | gadso | stick | guʕad | stick | ǵhasto | stick |
54 | bar | fruit | pi/ar | fruit | * | * |
55 | xul | seed | či/ul | seed | * | * |
56 | zup | leaf | ĉap | leaf | * | * |
57 | zura | root | ĉVr | root | wréh₂ds | root |
58 | gog | bark | ḳaw(ḳ) | bark of tree | * | * |
59 | uumpa | flower | ʔanbab | flower | * | * |
60 | sen | grass | sayam | grass | koino | grass |
61 | suul | rope | sur | rope | * | * |
62 | apu | skin | ʔad-Vm | skin | pel | skin |
63 | mux | meat | fVʔ | meat | mēms | meat |
64 | umxa | blood | dam | blood | h₁ésh₂r̥ | blood |
65 | qas | bone | ḳ(ʷ)as | bone | kost | bone |
66 | taruu | fat | pidar | fat | smeru | fat |
67 | zah₂o | egg | sawVḥ | egg | h₂ōwyóm | egg |
68 | ko | horn | ḳar | horn | koru | horn |
69 | xu | tail | č̣ihr | tail | * | * |
70 | sa | feather | ŝakʷ | feather | * | * |
71 | vol | hair | sVʔVm | hair | pulh₂ | hair |
72 | kal | head | gVl(gVl) | head | kaput | head |
73 | os | ear | sim | ear | h₂ows | ear |
74 | eh₃uuk | eye | ʕayVn | eye | h₃ekʷ | eye |
75 | niih₂a | nose | naḫVr | nose | hnéh₂s | nose |
76 | uvas | mouth | ʔa-pay | mouth | h₁oh₁s | mouth |
77 | aduus | tooth | kV(ʔ)Vs | tooth | h₃dónts | tooth |
78 | lax | tongue | lis | tongue | dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s | tongue |
79 | nak | fingernail | gu/iĉ | fingernail | h₃nógʰ(r)o | fingernail |
80 | gob | foot | ĉayṗ | foot | pṓds | foot |
81 | rosgo | leg | wa(ʕ)r | leg | kroksko | leg |
82 | kuna | knee | g(ʷ)inʒ | knee | ǵónu | knee |
83 | tepa | hand | ṭapiḥ | hand | man | hand |
84 | gam | wing | ganVḥ | wing | * | * |
85 | h₁uuduu | belly | hun | belly | udero | belly |
86 | iita | guts | * | * | eh₁ter | guts |
87 | gad | neck | ḳard | neck | mon | neck |
88 | ja | back | yiʔ | back | * | * |
89 | sdam | breast | ʔa-nwan | breast | psten | breast |
90 | kiil | heart | li/ubb | heart | ḱḗr | heart |
91 | uh₁iiwa | liver | tiraw/ʔ | liver | yeh₁kwr̥ | liver |
92 | ag | drink | ʕab | drink | h₁egʷʰ | to drink |
93 | ud | eat | birVh | eat | h₁ed | to eat |
94 | kuk | bite | ḳVḳ | bite | denḱ | to bite |
95 | ok | suck | ni/uḳ | suck | dʰeh₁(i) | to suck |
96 | piix | spit | pičw | to spit | sp(y)eu | to spit |
97 | qun | vomit | ḳ(ʷ)VʔVʕ | vomit | wem | to vomit |
98 | suwu | blow | fiwaq | blow | weh₁ | to blow |
99 | nuusu | breathe | nVsVp | breathe | pneu | to breathe |
100 | mi | laugh | * | * | (s)mei | to laugh |
101 | no | see | naʔ | see | weyd | to see |
102 | gluu | hear | * | * | ḱlew | to hear |
103 | uwa | know | siwan | know | ǵneh₃ | to know |
104 | rag | think | lak | think | tong | to think |
105 | sune | smell | sVn | smell | h₃ed | to smell |
106 | vuuru | fear | furVh | fear | * | * |
107 | wam | sleep | wiʕan | sleep | drem | to sleep |
108 | guw | live | gir | live | gʷeiH₃w | to live |
109 | mat | die | mawVt | die | mer | to die |
110 | kun | kill | ɣVwar | kill | gʷʰen | to kill |
111 | lam | fight | laḥm | fight | * | * |
112 | xoh₁u | hunt | c̣ayad | hunt | * | * |
113 | plu | hit | nig(ʕ) | strike | pleh₂k | to hit |
114 | tag | cut | dac | cut | * | * |
115 | vudak | split | fVṭVḳ | split | * | * |
116 | taka | stab | dagwaṣa | stab | * | * |
117 | kolb | scratch | ʔakul | scratch | gerbʰ | to scratch |
118 | h₁ot | dig | hut | dig | * | * |
119 | nuh₂uu | swim | nVbVy | swim | néh₂-u | to swim |
120 | pur | fly | pVr | fly | pet | to fly |
121 | krod | walk | ŝVʔŝVʔ | walk | gʰredʰ | to walk |
122 | zam | come | may | come | gʷem | to come |
123 | luk | lie | * | * | legʰ | to lie |
124 | sdus | sit | tis | sit | sed | to sit |
125 | sta | stand | ĉawVʔ | stand | steh₂ | to stand |
126 | yan | turn | ʕVn | turn | * | * |
127 | du | fall | diḥ | fall | * | * |
128 | bula | give | barVʕ | give | deh₃ | to give |
129 | suk | hold | kum | hold | segʰ | to hold |
130 | xad | squeeze | ĉVḥaṭ | squeeze | * | * |
131 | malu | rub | ʕVruk | rub | melh₁ | to rub |
132 | luw | wash | waʕab | wash | leh₂w | to wash |
133 | vut | wipe | fVtt | wipe | * | * |
134 | ta | pull | ʔitaḥ | pull | * | * |
135 | tuu | push | tur | push | * | * |
136 | vup | throw | ĉVl | throw | swep | to throw |
137 | kanuu | tie | ḳanVw | tie | * | * |
138 | siih₁uup | sew | ʕVḳVp | sew | syuh₁ | to sew |
139 | uud | count | ʕud | count | * | * |
140 | ka | say | kaw | say | * | * |
141 | gan | sing | gaʔ | sing | kan | to sing |
142 | ruh₁ | play | riw | play | * | * |
143 | dav | float | ṭaf | float | * | * |
144 | balal | flow | bVl(Vl) | flow | * | * |
145 | gurux | freeze | ḳVrVs | freeze | * | * |
146 | bay | swell | bVʕ | swell | * | * |
147 | azo | sun | ʔaǯ | sun | sóh₂wl̥ | sun |
148 | muh₁iin | moon | ḳiḥ | moon | mḗh₁n̥s | moon |
149 | ustiir | star | suhw | star | h₂stḗr | star |
150 | ma | water | maʔ | water | h₂ekʷeh₂ | water |
151 | muun | rain | buʕun | rain | h₂ekmon | rain |
152 | uke | river | siw/ʔVn | river | h₂ekw-eh₂ | river |
153 | h₂up | lake | wVʕVr | lake | h₂ep | lake |
154 | uam | sea | yam | sea | * | * |
155 | h₁am | salt | ḥamʕ/ʔ | salt | sal | salt |
156 | akmo | stone | ḥak | stone | h₂ekmon | stone |
157 | bor | sand | bur | sand | * | * |
158 | ve | dust | fay/ʔ | sand | pers | dust |
159 | arix | earth | ʔariĉ̣ | earth | dʰéǵʰōm | earth |
160 | nebo | cloud | ɣay/wb | cloud | nébʰos | cloud |
161 | snuuv | fog | luf | fog | sneudh | fog |
162 | ra | sky | raw | sky | * | * |
163 | saqa | wind | sa(w/yV)ḥ | wind | ḱewero | wind |
164 | snu | snow | * | * | sneigwh | snow |
165 | uk | ice | * | * | yeg | ice |
166 | damo | smoke | daʕar | smoke | dʰuh₁mós | smoke |
167 | zur | fire | gir | fire | h₁égnis | fire |
168 | zuur | ash | gur | ash | h₃és-i | ash |
169 | iir | burn | ʔu/ir | burn | swel | to burn |
170 | pan | road | darib | road | pent | road |
171 | wuur | mountain | ḫurs | mountain | gʷerh₃ | mountain |
172 | ton | red | dVm | red | h₁rewdʰós | red |
173 | uurug | green | wVraḳ | green | * | * |
174 | kam | yellow | caḥm | yellow | k(e)nhkos | yellow |
175 | abos | white | c̣aḥ | white | h₂elbʰós | white |
176 | xum | black | č̣ilam | black | h₂ems | black |
177 | naku | night | naw/yn | night | nókʷts | night |
178 | ura | day | hVraw/y | day | h₂eǵh | day |
179 | san | year | san | year | yeHr | year |
180 | surs | warm | sirVf | warm | tep | warm |
181 | zuuwa | cold | ḥVwas | cold | gel | cold |
182 | uuro | full | ḫVr | full | pl̥h₁nós | full |
183 | meh₁o | new | may/ʔ | new | néwos | new |
184 | yasun | old | yas | old | senh₁ó | old |
185 | mor | good | mVr | good | h₁su | good |
186 | awab | bad | yaway | bad | h₂wap | bad |
187 | pog | rotten | buḳ | be rotten | * | * |
188 | suud | dirty | suʔit | be dirty | * | * |
189 | iisar | straight | yasar | straight | * | * |
190 | topol | round | dVbVl | round | * | * |
191 | zud | sharp | ħadd | sharp | h₂eḱ | sharp |
192 | bwado | dull | pVṭVs | flatten | * | * |
193 | ulak | smooth | ḥalaḳ | be smooth | * | * |
194 | uda | wet | daʔ | wet | wed | wet |
195 | tuuz | dry | kVʒ | dry | ters | dry |
196 | maro | correct | marVʕ | be true | * | * |
197 | kerv | near | qâróv | near | * | * |
198 | wu | far | way | far | wi | far |
199 | duluum | right | walyam | right | deḱs | right |
200 | xuwas | left | šimāl | left | sewyós | left |
201 | apii | at | ba | at | opi | at |
202 | pun | in | bi | in | (h₁?)en | in |
203 | bu | with | bi | with | pe | with |
204 | qa | and | wa | and | kʷe | and |
205 | am | if | ʾim, | if | * | * |
206 | budal | because | biğlal | because | * | * |
207 | xiinam | name | sim | name | h₁nómn̥ | name |
208 | an | ancestor | * | * | h₂en- | ancestor |
209 | Padi | The First | ʔadir | master | potis | master |
210 | xun | a dietary staple | ŝi/uʕ(V̄ʕ) | grain | grānom | grain |
* | dudar | brother | di/ad | brother | bʰréh₂tēr | brother |
* | susar | sister | si/ut | sister | swésōr | sister |
* | zanuu | son | ʒ/ǯaʔ | son | suHnús | son |
* | datu | daughter | si/ut | daughter | dʰugh₂tḗr | daughter |
* | * | * | * | * | * | * |
* | * | * | * | * | * | * |
* | * | * | * | * | * | * |