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| ==== Demonstratives ==== | | ==== Demonstratives ==== |
| Like its relatives Minhast and Nankôre, Nahónda makes a four-way distinction in its demonstratives. Some forms, such as the Proximal and Medio-proximal demonstratives, show in the Agent forms an etymological relationship with Minhast. The Medio-proximal patient and Distal agent forms appear to be derived from the same source as in the corresponding Nankôre form. A common etymology for the Invisible form among all the sister languages has yet to be found. The Nahónda demonstratives are listed in the following table: | | Like its relatives Minhast and Nankôre, Nahónda makes a four-way distinction in its demonstratives. With the exception of the Invisible Demonstrative, all of the demonstratives have demonstrable cognates with another Nahenic language, namely Nankôre, and the Gull Speaker dialect in Minhast. The Nahónda demonstratives are listed in the following table: |
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" style="width:100px"|
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| ! colspan="2" | Independent
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| ! colspan="2" | Clitic
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| ! rowspan="2" style="width:200px"| Meaning
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| ! rowspan="2"| Nahenic Cognates
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| |-
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| ! style="width:70px" |Agent
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| ! style="width:70px" |Patient
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| ! style="width:70px" |Agent
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| ! style="width:70px" |Patient
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| |-
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| ! Proximal
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| | saka
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| | ko
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| | =sa
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| | =ko
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| | This one, near the speaker
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| * Proto-Nahenic:
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| * Neina:
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| * Common Minhast: ''sap'' (ABS)
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| * Nankôre:
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| |-
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| ! Medio-proximal
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| | na
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| | ho
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| | =na
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| | =ho
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| | This/that one near the listener "that"
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| * Proto-Nahenic:
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| * Neina:
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| * Common Minhast: ''nax'' (ABS)
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| * Nankôre: ''=hori''
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| |-
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| ! Distal
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| | wanko<br/>wanku
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| | wo
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| | =wa
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| | =wo
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| | Far from both speaker and listener
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| * Proto-Nahenic:
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| * Neina: ''=vaš''
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| * Common Minhast: ''waššī'' (ABS)
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| * Nankôre: ''=nko''
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| |-
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| ! Invisible
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| | yanko<br/>yanku
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| | yo
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| | =ya
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| | =yo
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| | Used for objects beyond sight or obstructed by another object. It may also be used for a person or thing being referred to within a narrative or other discourse, and sometimes as a decessive.
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| * Proto-Nahenic:
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| * Neina:
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| * Common Minhast: ''waššī'' (?) (Distal)
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| * Nankôre: ''=nko'' (Distal)
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| |}
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| When used as attributives, they appear directly before the noun phrase. Unlike Minhast, which requires a connective particle to join the demonstrative to its head, in Nahónda the demonstrative is simply juxtaposed before its head, e.g.:
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| {{Gloss
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| |phrase = Wanko šúnkawakaninéhi owožutkopi kasukakatsané.
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| | IPA =
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| | morphemes = wanko šúnkawakáne-ne-hi owožu-tko-pi ka-suka~ka-tsa-né
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| | gloss = DIST horse-DET.cylindrical.object-AGT grass-DET.flat.prone.object-PL 3MS.AGT-run~INT-EVID.VIS-INTR.ACT
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| | translation = That horse is always racing across the plains.
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| }}
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| | {{Gloss |
| | |phrase = Šúnkawakaninéhi pʼáyalo owožutkopi kasukakatsané. |
| | | IPA = |
| | | morphemes = šúnkawakáne-ne-hi pʼáyalo owožu-tko-pi ka-suka~ka-tsa-né |
| | | gloss = horse-DET.cylindrical.object-AGT DIST grass-DET.flat.prone.object-PL 3MS.AGT-run~INT-EVID.VIS-CONJ.CL |
| | | translation = That horse is always racing across the plains. |
| | }} |
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| {{Gloss | | {{Gloss |
| |phrase = Wankonéhi owožutkopi kasukakatsané. | | |phrase = Pʼáyalonehi owožutkopi kasukakatsané. |
| | IPA = | | | IPA = |
| | morphemes = wanko-ne-hi owožu-tko-pi ka-suka~ka-tsa-né | | | morphemes = Pʼáyalo-ne-hi owožu-tko-pi ka-suka~ka-tsa-né |
| | gloss = DIST-DET.cylindrical.object-AGT grass-DET.flat.prone.object-PL 3MS.AGT-run~INT-EVID.VIS-INTR.ACT | | | gloss = DIST-DET.cylindrical.object-AGT grass-DET.flat.prone.object-PL 3MS.AGT-run~INT-EVID.VIS-CONJ.CL |
| | translation = That (cylindrical-shaped) one is always racing across the plains. | | | translation = That (cylindrical-shaped) one is always racing across the plains. |
| }} | | }} |
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| | The demonstratives also have verbal clitic forms. For more information on the verbal clitic forms, refer to the [[Nahónda#Verbs | verb section]]. |
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| === Determiners === | | === Determiners === |