Jakvalat

Introduction

Goals

To create an aesthetically pleasing, yet easily pronounceable (for me, anyways), language for the setting of a habitable alternative Venus.

Setting

The setting is a Venus with a thinner crust which enables convection of heat within the planet's core and, despite Venus' slower rotation, the subsequent generation of a magnetic field sufficient to prevent the loss of the planet's oceans.

Jakvalat (Often called Common Venerian in English) is the predominant lingua franca spoken on Venus (Ja: Sinta). It originated from the environs of the mercantile city of Tuliriyaq on the continent of Jekkarramit.

Inspirations

The main phonological inspirations were from Finnish and Greenlandic. The morphological inspirations will likely be primarily from the Inuit and the Uralic languages.

Phonology

Orthography

Native Script	Practical Orthography	IPA Value
⟨o⟩	⟨p⟩	/p/
⟨ɵ⟩	⟨m⟩	/m/
⟨s⟩	⟨v⟩	/ʋ/
⟨v⟩	⟨t⟩	/t/
⟨ʌ⟩	⟨n⟩	/n/
⟨x⟩	⟨r⟩	/ɹ/
⟨ɴ⟩	⟨s⟩	/ɬ/
⟨z⟩	⟨l⟩	/l/
⟨n⟩	⟨k⟩	/k/
⟨u⟩	⟨q⟩	/ŋ/
⟨ʜ⟩	⟨j⟩	/j/
⟨h⟩	⟨i⟩	/i/
⟨ɥ⟩	⟨ai⟩	/aɪ/
⟨b⟩	⟨u⟩	/u/
⟨q⟩	⟨au⟩	/ɑʊ/
⟨ȷ⟩	⟨a⟩	⟨ä⟩

NOTES:

1. The native alphabet is ultimately derived from an ancient featural abugida.

2. The practical orthography was devised by one the first terrestrial linguists to reach Venus. The Wilkins Orthography has since become the default scheme of romanisation for Yakvalat.

3. The spelling of the practical and native orthographies are morphophonemic in that the spelling is phonemic but does change to reflect morphophonemic changes.

4. The following punctuation marks are in use in the native alphabet:

⟨.⟩ = short pause, equivalent to a comma or semi-colon. ⟨:⟩ = long pause, equivalent to a colon or full stop.

Punctuation marks occur immediately after the last word of a clause and never occur consecutively.

5. Any given word is separated from any following word by a space. There are no equivalents to parentheses, quotation marks, exclamation marks or questions marks.

Phoneme Inventory

Consonants

	Labial	Central Coronal	Lateral Coronal	Dorsal
Plosive	/p/	/t/		/k/
Fricative			/ɬ/
Nasal	/m/	/n/		/ŋ/
Liquid		/ɹ/	/l/
Semivowel	/ʋ/			/j/

Notes:

1. All coronals are alveolar except /ɹ/ which is postalveolar.

2. Jakvalat has 11 consonants which, according to the World Atlas of Language Structures, is a small inventory. The most notable features, according to WALs, are the presence of an initial velar nasal and a lateral obstruent.

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
High	/i/		/u/
Low		/ä/
Diphthong	/aɪ/		/ɑʊ/

Jakvalat has 3 vowel qualities which, according to WALS, is a small inventory. The consonant-vowel ratio is 3.75 which, according to WALS, is an average ratio.

Allophony

1. /p, t, k/ are realised as [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] when in the onset of a stressed syllable.

2. /ɬ/ is realised as [θ̠] when in coda position.

3. /ɹ/ is realised as [ʃ] when in coda position before /p, t, k/.

4. /ɹ/ is realised as [ʒ] when in coda position elsewhere.

5. /ʋ/ is realised as [w] when the second segment of a consonant cluster.

6. /ʋ/ is realised as [v] elsewhere.

7. The geminate clusters /pp, tt, kk, ɬɬ/ are realised as [f, s, x, tɬ].

8. The geminate consonant clusters /mm, nn, ŋŋ/ are realised as [mb, nd, ŋɡ].

9. The geminate consonant clusters /ll, ɹɹ/ are realised as [ld, ʒd̠].

10. /i/ is realised as [ɪ] when following a /j/ onset.

11. /u/ is realised as [ʊ] when following /ʋ/ when it is the second segment of a consonant cluster.

12. /i, u/ are realised as [ɪ, ʊ] in closed syllables.

13. /aɪ, ɑʊ/ are realised as [ɛ, ɔ] in closed syllables.

Phonotactics

1. Syllable templates:

CCD

CCDC

CCV

CCVC

CD

CDC

CV

CVC

Notes:

C = consonant, D = diphthong, V = vowel

2. Permitted syllable codas:

/p, t, k, ɬ, m, n, ŋ, l, ɹ/.

3. /ɬ, l, ɹ/ do not occur morpheme-finally.

4. If a particle has a word-final consonant then that consonant will be one of /m, n, ŋ/.

5. Permitted Consonant Clusters:

	P	T	K	S	M	N	Q	L	R	V	J
P	pp	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	pv*	pj*
T	-	tt	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	tv*	tj*
K	-	-	kk	-	-	-	-	-	-	kv*	kj*
S	sp	st	sk	ss	-	-	-	-	-	sv	sj
M	mp	-	-	-	mm	-	-	-	-	mv	-
N	-	nt	-	ns	-	nn	-	-	-	-	-
Q	-	-	qk	-	-	-	qq	-	-	-	qj
L	lp	lt	lk	-	-	-	-	ll	-	lv	lj
R	rp	rt	rk	-	-	-	-	-	rr	rv	rj

Notes:

a. The practical orthography is used here for clarity.

b. First segment of cluster runs along left of table.

c. Second segment of cluster runs along top of table.

d. An asterisk indicates a consonant cluster may occur root-initially or suffix-initially.

e. All other consonant clusters may only occur across a syllable boundary

6. No consonant cluster may have more than two segments.

7. Consecutive vowel sequences do not occur.

8. Diphthongs may only occur within the root or within an open, monosyllabic suffix.

9. /aɪ/ does not precede onset /j/.

10. /ɑʊ/ does not precede onset /ʋ/.

11. Most native roots are disyllabic with monosyllabic roots being restricted to pronouns. Most particles are monosyllabic.

12. Roots may have one of the following phonotactic shapes:

a. Pronominal And Numeral Roots Only:

CV

CCV

CVC

CCVC

CVCV

b. Some Numeral Roots And All Nominal And Verbal Roots:

CCVCV

CVCCV

CVCVC

13. Particles may have one the following phonotactic shapes:

CV

CVC

CVCV

CVCCV

CVCVC

14. Suffixes may have one of following phonotactic shapes:

-CV

-CCV

-CVC

-CCVC

-CCVCV

-CVCCV

-CVCVC

Prosody

1. Primary stress falls on the first syllable of the root.

2. Secondary stress is borne on every odd-numbered syllable after the primary stress.

3. Rhythm type is trochaic.

4. Jakvalat is spoken with a somewhat slower cadence than English is.

Morphophonology

1. When two-segment consonant clusters result from suffixation, they are treated as per the table below:

	P	T	K	S	M	N	Q	L	R	V	J
P	pp	tt	kk	sp	mp	mp	mp	lp	rp	pv	pj
T	pp	tt	kk	st	nt	nt	nt	lt	rt	tv	tj
K	pp	tt	kk	sk	qk	qk	qk	lk	rk	kv	kj
M	mp	nt	qk	ns	mm	nn	qq	ll	rr	mv	qj
N	mp	nt	qk	ns	mm	nn	qq	ll	rr	mv	qj
Q	mp	nt	qk	ns	mm	nn	qq	ll	rr	mv	qj

Notes:

a. The practical orthography is used here for clarity.

b. First segment of cluster runs along left of table.

c. Second segment of cluster runs along top of table.

d. The notation v̄ indicates the preceding short vowel was lengthened.

2. If a three-segment consonant cluster results from suffixation, then an epenthetic echo vowel ([i] after /aɪ/, [u] after /ɑʊ/) is inserted after the first segment in the cluster.

3. If /aɪ/ should precede a /j/ onset as the result of suffixation, then it is reduced to [ä].

4. If /ɑʊ/ should precede a /ʋ/ onset as the result of suffixation, then it is reduced to [ä].

Morphology

Yakvalat morphemes fall into the following classes:

1. Particles:

These do not bear any inflection, have little semantic content and comprise such things as temporal or locative adverbs, conjunctions, interjections and anything else that isn't a root.

2. Roots:

These do bear inflection and contain much of the semantic content of an utterance. Roots are divided into nouns and verbs. Nouns are further divided into animate and inanimate categories, verbs into transitive and intransitive categories.

3. Stems:

These are any given sequence of root plus following suffixes.

4. Suffixes:

These either comprise inflection or modify the semantic content of a root or stem.