Kwenya Greek: Difference between revisions

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Kwenya lost gender.
Kwenya lost gender.
====Cases====
====Cases===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ γλωσσα 'tongue, language'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|{{abbtip|house (subject)|Nominative}}
|γλωσσα<br/>hlusa||γλωσσαι<br/>hluse
|-
!|{{abbtip|house!|Vocative}}
|γλωσσα!<br/>hlusa!||γλωσσαι!<br/>hluse!
|-
!|{{abbtip|house (direct object)|Accusative}}
|γλωσσαν<br/>hlusan||γλωσσας<br/>hlusar
|-
!|{{abbtip|of a house|Genitive}}
|γλωσσας<br/>hlusar ||γλωσσων<br/>hlusun
|-
!|{{abbtip|into a house|Illative}}
|γλωσσανεις<br/>hlusanir ||γλωσσαςεις<br/>hlusarir
|-
!|{{abbtip|in a house|Inessive}}
|γλωσσανδο<br/>hlusando ||γλωσσωνενδο<br/>hlusunëndo
|-
!|{{abbtip|out of a house|Elative}}
|γλωσσαξε<br/>hlusaksë ||γλωσσωνεξε<br/>hlusunëksë
|-
!|{{abbtip|near/at a house|Adessive}}
|γλωσσαρειτ<br/>hlusarit ||γλωσσωνειτ<br/>hlusunit
|-
!|{{abbtip|to/toward a house|Allative}}
|γλωσσαβαι<br/>hlusabe ||γλωσσωμβαι<br/>hlusumbe
|-
!|{{abbtip|from a house|Ablative}}
|γλωσσαμπο<br/>hlusampo ||γλωσσαπο<br/>hlusapo
|-
!|{{abbtip|by means of a house|Instrumental}}
|γλωσσαδω<br/>hlusadu ||γλωσσωνδω<br/>hlusundu
|-
!|{{abbtip|as a house|Essive}}
|γλωσσαπρε<br/>hlusaprë ||γλωσσωμπρε<br/>hlusumprë
|-
!|{{abbtip|becoming a house|Translative}}
|γλωσσανειν<br/>hlusanin ||γλωσσαςειν<br/>hlusarin
|-
!|{{abbtip|without a house|Abessive}}
|γλωσσαχω<br/>hlusakhu ||γλωσσωγχω<br/>hlusankhu
|-
!|{{abbtip|(together) with a house|Comitative}}
|γλωσσαμε<br/>hlusamë ||γλωσσωμμε<br/>hlusummë
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ οικος 'house'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|{{abbtip|house (subject)|Nominative}}
|οικος<br/>wekor||οικοι<br/>wekwe
|-
!|{{abbtip|house!|Vocative}}
|οικε!<br/>wekë!||οικοι!<br/>wekwe!
|-
!|{{abbtip|house (direct object)|Accusative}}
|οικον<br/>wekon||οικους<br/>wekũr
|-
!|{{abbtip|of a house|Genitive}}
|οικου<br/>wekũ ||οικων<br/>wekun
|-
!|{{abbtip|into a house|Illative}}
|οικονεις<br/>wekonir ||οικουςεις<br/>wekũrir
|-
!|{{abbtip|in a house|Inessive}}
|οικουνδο<br/>wekũndo ||οικωνενδο<br/>wekunëndo
|-
!|{{abbtip|out of a house|Elative}}
|οικουξε<br/>wekũksë ||οικωνεξε<br/>wekunëksë
|-
!|{{abbtip|near/at a house|Adessive}}
|οικουρειτ<br/>wekũrit ||οικωνειτ<br/>wekunit
|-
!|{{abbtip|to/toward a house|Allative}}
|οικουβαι<br/>wekũbe ||οικωμβαι<br/>wekumbe
|-
!|{{abbtip|from a house|Ablative}}
|οικομπο<br/>wekompo ||οικουπο<br/>wekũpo
|-
!|{{abbtip|by means of a house|Instrumental}}
|οικουδω<br/>wekũdu ||οικωνδω<br/>wekundu
|-
!|{{abbtip|as a house|Essive}}
|οικουπρε<br/>wekũprë ||οικωμπρε<br/>wekumprë
|-
!|{{abbtip|becoming a house|Translative}}
|οικονειν<br/>wekonin ||οικουςειν<br/>wekũrin
|-
!|{{abbtip|without a house|Abessive}}
|οικουχω<br/>wekũkhu ||οικωγχω<br/>wekunkhu
|-
!|{{abbtip|(together) with a house|Comitative}}
|οικουμε<br/>wekũmë ||οικωμμε<br/>wekummë
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ δωρον 'gift'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|{{abbtip|house (subject)|Nominative}}
|δωρον<br/>duron ||δωρα<br/>dura
|-
!|{{abbtip|house!|Vocative}}
|δωρον!<br/>duron!||δωρα!<br/>dura!
|-
!|{{abbtip|house (direct object)|Accusative}}
|δωρον<br/>duron||δωρα<br/>dura
|-
!|{{abbtip|of a house|Genitive}}
|δωρου<br/>durũ ||δωρων<br/>durun
|-
!|{{abbtip|into a house|Illative}}
|δωρονεις<br/>duronir ||δωραεις<br/>durair
|-
!|{{abbtip|in a house|Inessive}}
|δωρουνδο ||δωρωνενδο
|-
!|{{abbtip|out of a house|Elative}}
|δωρουξε ||δωρωνεξε
|-
!|{{abbtip|near/at a house|Adessive}}
|δωρουειτ ||δωρωνειτ
|-
!|{{abbtip|to/toward a house|Allative}}
|δωρουβαι ||δωρωμβαι
|-
!|{{abbtip|from a house|Ablative}}
|δωρομπο ||δωραπο
|-
!|{{abbtip|by means of a house|Instrumental}}
|δωρουδω ||δωρωνδω
|-
!|{{abbtip|as a house|Essive}}
|δωρουπρε ||δωρωμπρε
|-
!|{{abbtip|becoming a house|Translative}}
|δωρονειν ||δωραειν
|-
!|{{abbtip|without a house|Abessive}}
|δωρουχω ||δωρωγχω
|-
!|{{abbtip|(together) with a house|Comitative}}
|δωρουμε ||δωρωμμε
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ πολις 'city'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|{{abbtip|house (subject)|Nominative}}
|πολις||πολες
|-
!|{{abbtip|house!|Vocative}}
|πολι!||πολες!
|-
!|{{abbtip|house (direct object)|Accusative}}
|πολιν||πολες
|-
!|{{abbtip|of a house|Genitive}}
|πολιως ||πολιων
|-
!|{{abbtip|into a house|Illative}}
|πολινεις ||πολεςεις
|-
!|{{abbtip|in a house|Inessive}}
|πολιωνδο ||πολιωνενδο
|-
!|{{abbtip|out of a house|Elative}}
|πολιωξε ||πολιωνεξε
|-
!|{{abbtip|near/at a house|Adessive}}
|πολιωρειτ ||πολιωνειτ
|-
!|{{abbtip|to/toward a house|Allative}}
|πολιωβαι ||πολιωμβαι
|-
!|{{abbtip|from a house|Ablative}}
|πολιμπο ||πολεπο
|-
!|{{abbtip|by means of a house|Instrumental}}
|πολιωδω ||πολιωνδω
|-
!|{{abbtip|as a house|Essive}}
|πολιωπρε ||πολιωμπρε
|-
!|{{abbtip|becoming a house|Translative}}
|πολινειν ||πολεςειν
|-
!|{{abbtip|without a house|Abessive}}
|πολιωχω ||πολιωγχω
|-
!|{{abbtip|(together) with a house|Comitative}}
|πολιωμε ||πολιωμμε
|}
{{col-end}}


====Possessive suffixes====
====Possessive suffixes====

Revision as of 23:14, 10 October 2022

Kwenya (Κοινη) is a Hellenic language spoken in Irta.

Introduction

Proto-Kwenya

Very close to 2nd century BC Egyptian Greek

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

  • μ ν γγ = /m n ŋ/ (γκ γχ = /ŋk ŋkʰ/)
  • π τ κ = /p t k/
  • β δ = /b d/
  • φ θ χ = /pʰ tʰ kʰ/
  • σ γ = /s h/
  • ζ = /z/
  • ϝ ρ/ς λ = /w ɾ l/

Vowels

α ε ι ο υ η ω αι ει ευ ια ιο οι ου = /a ə i o wi ja u e i ju ja jo we ɨ/ a ë i o wi ya u e i yu ya yo we ũ

Prosody

Stress

Stress is always initial.

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Nouns

Kwenya nouns have the following template:

STEM-case.number-(possessive suffix)

Kwenya lost gender.

=Cases

Possessive suffixes

γλώσσαμου, γλώσσασου, γλώσσατου, γλώσσαμων, γλώσσασων, γλώσσατων = my language, ...

Adjectives

Adjectives have an attributive form and predicative forms that agree by number, animacy and gender. They also have past tense and imperative forms like verbs. also -wir, -ia, -wi < ύς-εία-ύ‎

καλος 'good' (1st/2nd decl.); present tense
Singular Plural
male καλος
kalor
καλοι
kale
female καλη
kalya
inanimate καλον
kalon
καλα
kala
attributive καλ(ο)-
kal(o)-


καλος 'good' (1st/2nd decl.); past tense
Singular Plural
male καλοςων
kalorun
καλοντες
kalontër
female καληρα
kalyara
inanimate καλονον
kalonon
καλαντα
kalanta
attributive καλομοντ
kalomont


καλος 'good' (1st decl.); imperative
Singular Plural
active καλοστι!
kalosti!
καλοστε!
kalostë!

ευγενης 'gentlemanly/ladylike' (3nd decl.)
Singular Plural
male ευγενης
yuhënyar
ευγενεις
yuhënir
female ευγενης
yuhënyar
inanimate ευγενες
yuhënër
ευγενη
yuhënya
attributive ευγεν(ο)-
yuhën(o)-


ευγενης 'gentlemanly/ladylike' (3nd decl.); past tense
Singular Plural
male ευγενηςων
yuhënyarun
ευγενειντες
yuhënintër
female ευγενηςα
yuhënyara
inanimate ευγενεςον
yuhënëron
ευγενηντα
yuhënyanta
attributive ευγενομοντ
yuhënomont


ευγενης 'gentlemanly' (3nd decl.); imperative
Singular Plural
active ευγενοστι!
yuhënosti!
ευγενοστε!
yuhënostë!


Verbs

Two voices: active, passive

Principal parts: present stem, past stem

φαγων 'eat' - present active
Singular Plural
male φαγων
phahun
φαγοντες
phahontër
female φαγουςα
phahũra
inanimate φαγον
phahon
φαγοντα
phahonta
attributive φαγοντ
phahont


φαγων 'eat' - past active
Singular Plural
male φαγας
phahar
φαγαντες
phahantër
female φαγαςα
phahara
inanimate φαγαν
phahan
φαγαντα
phahanta
attributive φαγας
phahar


φαγων 'eat' - imperative active
Singular Plural
active φαγε!
phahë!
φαγετε!
phahëtë!


φαγων 'eat' - present passive
Singular Plural
male φαγομενος
phahomënor
φαγομενοι
phahomëne
female φαγομενη
phahomënya
inanimate φαγομενον
phahomënon
φαγομενα
phahomëna
attributive φαγομεν
phahomën


φαγων 'eat' - past passive
Singular Plural
male φαγομενοςων
phahamënorun
φαγαμενοντες
phahamënontër
female φαγομενηςα
phahamënyara
inanimate φαγαμενονον
phahamënonon
φαγαμεναντα
phahamënanta
attributive φαγομενομοντ
phahomënomont


φαγων 'eat' - imperative passive
Singular Plural
active φαγομεστι!
phahomësti!
φαγομεστε!
phahomëstë!


Numbers

All numbers are indeclinable:

1-10: ën, dwi, trya, tëttar, pënta, ëksa, ëpta, ohta, ënnya, dëka

11-20: ëndyutrũ, dwidyutru, ..., ikori (< hen deuterou, dyo deuterou, ... "one of the second [ten], two of the second [ten], ..." cf. Estonian üks·teist, kaks·teist, ...)

100: ëkaton

1000: khilya

Syntax

Constituent order

Kwenya syntax is similar to Finnish.

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources