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==Morphology==
==Morphology==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
Nouns
Nouns
Adjectives
Adjectives
Line 80: Line 78:
Particles
Particles
Derivational morphology
Derivational morphology
-->
===Nouns===
Nouns are not declined for case.
There in no grammatical gender besides natural gender (similar to English).


Plural is usually formed in ''-(e)s''.
===Articles===
Precede the noun they modify.
*'''Definite article:''' ''le''
*'''Indefinite article:''' ''a'' (before consonants), ''an'' (before vowels)
===Pronouns===
<!--
{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
! rowspan="2" |Person/ Number !! rowspan="2" | Subject !! rowspan="2" | Object !! colspan="2" |Possessive
|-
! Adjective || Pronoun
|-
! 1S
| you || me || my || mine
|-
! 2S
| woes || wes || wous || wes || woester || wes || woestere
|-
! 2S (arch.)
| tou || te || ty || tine
|-
! 3SM
| el || el || lie || le || rowspan="3"| sy || rowspan="3" | sine
|-
! 3SF
| l || el || le || ly || line
|-
! 3SN
| lou || lou || et || louse
|-
! 1P
| noes; noezeuts || nes || noes; noezeuts || nes || noester || nes || noestere
|-
! 2P
| woezeuts || wes || woezeuts || wes || woester || wes || woestere
|-
! 3P
| els; elzeuts || els || els; elzeuts || els || lour || ler || loure
|-
! 2S/P (pol.)
| os || es || os || es || os || es || osse
|-
! 3R
| — || — || zei || ze || — || — || —
|-
|}
-->
-->
===Numerals===
<!--
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Twench numerals
|-
! !! Cardinal !! Ordinal !! Fractional
|-
! 0
| nul || nulliesem || —
|-
! 1
| uun || primeer, prijm || —
|-
! 2
| dous || zekond || demei
|-
! 3
| treis || tiers || tiers
|-
! 4
| kwatter || kwaart || kwaart
|-
! 5
| sink || kint || kint
|-
! 6
| zechs || zechsem || zechsem
|-
! 7
| zet || zettem || zettem
|-
! 8
| ocht || ochtem || ochtem
|-
! 9
| noew || noewem || noewem
|-
! 10
| dies || diesem || diesem
|-
! 11
| onze || onzem || onzem
|-
! 12
| dozze || dozzem || dozzem
|-
! 13
| trezze || trezzem || trezzem
|-
! 14
| kwattorze || kwattorzem || kwattorzem
|-
! 15
| kinze || kinzem || kinzem
|-
! 16
| zezze || zezzem || zezzem
|-
! 17
| zetdies || zetdiesem || zetdiesem
|-
! 20
| wijnt || wijntiesem || wijntiesem
|-
! 21
| uun-et-wijnt || uun-et-wijntiesem || uun-et-wijntiesem
|-
! 30
| treint || treintiesem || treintiesem
|-
! 40
| kwaraant || kwaraantiesem || kwaraantiesem
|-
! 50
| sinkaant || sinkaantiesem || sinkaantiesem
|-
! 60
| zechsaant || zechsaantiesem || zechsaantiesem
|-
! 70
| zettaant || zettaantiesem || zettaantiesem
|-
! 80
| ochtaant || ochtaantiesem || ochtaantiesem
|-
! 90
| noewaant || noewaaantiesem || noewaaantiesem
|-
! 100
| seint || seintiesem || seintiesem
|-
! 1000
| mil || milliesem || milliesem
|-
! 10⁶
| miljoun || miljouniesem || miljouniesem
|}
-->
===Verbs===
====Principal parts====
<!--
For the majority of verbs, the full conjugation can be determined from four principal parts: the infinitive, 1S present, 1S past, and past participle.
These forms are given in dictionaries. Otherwise, the infinitive is used as the citation form.
-->
====Verb classes====
<!--
Verbs may be regular or irregular.
In regular verbs, the present stem, past stem, and past participle are derived regularly from the infinitive.
There are 3 classes of regular verbs.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Weak verbs
! Class !! Infinitive ending !! 1S present ending !! 1S past ending !! Past participle
|-
! 1
| -aar || - || -aai || -aat
|-
! 2a (infix)
| -ijr || -is || -ij || -ijt
|-
! 2b (no infix)
| -ijr || - || -ij || -ijt
|-
! 3
| -er || - || -ui || -(e)t
|-
|}
*The schwa in ''-(e)t'' is inserted after ''-t-'', ''-d-'', ''-tj-'', and ''-dj-'' and dropped otherwise.
Irregular verbs form one or more of the stems irregularly.
*'''Present stem:''' When this is irregular, it is most often due to suppletion.
*'''Past stem:''' This is the most common irregular form, and most often is preserved from Latin. Generally, irregular past forms take the same endings as class 3 regular verbs, but with a modified stem.
*'''Past participle:''' This is most often preserved from Latin. Verbs with irregular past stems often use the same stem in the past participle (with the standard ''-t'' ending) but this is not always the case, and some verbs with regular past stems may have irregular past participles. In such cases, regular and irregular past participle forms often coexist.
====Personal endings====
Personal endings are added to the present and past stems. These stems are obtained from the 1S forms by removing the final ''-i'' if present. Note that if the 1S form does not end in ''-i'', the corresponding stem is identical to the 1S form.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Personal endings
! Person/number !! Ending
|-
! 1S
| -(i)
|-
! 2S
| -(e)s
|-
! 3S
| -(e)t
|-
! 1P
| -(e)ns
|-
! 2P
| -(e)ts
|-
! 3P
| -(e)n
|-
|}
'''Note:'''
¹ Schwa ''-(e)-'' may be inserted before personal endings in the present tense depending on phonetics but never after vowels.
*In ''-(e)s'': Schwa is kept after ''-s-'', ''-z-'', ''-sj-'', ''-zj-'', ''-tj-'', and ''-dj-'' and dropped otherwise.
*In ''-(e)t'': Schwa is kept after ''-t-'', ''-d-'', ''-tj-'', and ''-dj-'' and dropped otherwise.
*In ''-(e)n'', ''-(e)ns'', and ''-(e)ts'': Schwa is dropped after vowels and kept otherwise.
<!--It does not appear in the past tense since the past stem always ends in a vowel. -->Conversely, ''-i'' in the first person only appears after vowels<!-- (and therefore always appears in the past tense)-->.
====Examples of verbs====
'''Class 1 regular - ''kantaar'' "to sing"'''
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''kantaar'' "to sing"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| kantaar
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| kantaant
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| kantaat
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! jou
| kant || kante || kantaai || kantase ||
|-
! tu
| kants || kantes || kantaas || kantases || kant
|-
! el/elle/lou
| kantet || kantet || kantaat || kantaset ||
|-
! noes/noezeuts
| kantens || kantens || kantaans || kantasens ||
|-
! woes/woezeuts/os
| kantets || kantets || kantaats || kantasets || kantets
|-
! els/elzeuts
| kanten || kanten || kantaan || kantasen ||
|-
|}
'''Class 2a regular - ''perijr'' "to perish"'''
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''perijr'' "to perish"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| perijr
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| perissent
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| perijt
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! jou
| peris || perisse || perij || perise ||
|-
! tu
| perisses || perisses || perijs || perises || peris
|-
! el/elle/lou
| perist || perisset || perijt || periset ||
|-
! noes/noezeuts
| perissens || perissens || perijns || perisens ||
|-
! woes/woezeuts/os
| perissets || perissets || perijts || perisets || perissets
|-
! els/elzeuts
| perissen || perissen || perijn || perisen ||
|-
|}
'''Class 2b regular - ''doermijr'' "to sleep"'''
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''doermijr'' "to sleep"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| doermijr
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| doerment
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| doermijt
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! jou
| doerm || doerme || doermij || doermise ||
|-
! tu
| doerms || doermes || doermijs || doermises || doerm
|-
! el/elle/lou
| doermt || doermet || doermijt || doermiset ||
|-
! noes/noezeuts
| doermens || doermens || doermijns || doermisens ||
|-
! woes/woezeuts/os
| doermets || doermets || doermijts || doermisets || doermets
|-
! els/elzeuts
| doermen || doermen || doermijn || doermisen ||
|-
|}
'''Class 3 regular - ''weinder'' "to sell"'''
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''weinder'' "to sell"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| weinder
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| weindent
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| weindet
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! jou
| weind || weinde || weindui || weinduse ||
|-
! tu
| weinds || weindes || weinduus || weinduses || weind
|-
! el/elle/lou
| weindt || weindet || weinduust || weinduset ||
|-
! noes/noezeuts
| weindens || weindens || weinduuns || weindusens ||
|-
! woes/woezeuts/os
| weindets || weindets || weinduuts || weindusets || weindets
|-
! els/elzeuts
| weinden || weinden || weinduun || weindusen ||
|-
|}
'''Irregular - ''dijr'' "to say"'''
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''dijr'' "to say"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| dijr
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| disent
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| dit
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! jou
| dijs || dise || disui || disuse ||
|-
! tu
| dises || dises || disuus || disuses || dij
|-
! el/elle/lou
| dijst || diset || disuust || disuset ||
|-
! noes/noezeuts
| disens || disens || disuuns || disusens ||
|-
! woes/woezeuts/os
| disets || disets || disuuts || disusets || disets
|-
! els/elzeuts
| disen || disen || disuun || disusen ||
|-
|}
'''Irregular - ''ester'' "to be"'''
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''ester'' "to be"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| ester
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| estent
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| estet
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! jou
| zui || zeie || fui || fuse ||
|-
! tu
| es || zeies || fuus || fuses || zei
|-
! el/elle/lou
| est || zeiet || fuut || fuset ||
|-
! noes/noezeuts
| zons || zeiens || fuuns || fusens ||
|-
! woes/woezeuts/os
| ests || zeiets || fuuts || fusets || zeits
|-
! els/elzeuts
| zon || zeien || fuun || fusen ||
|-
|}
'''Irregular: ''hawer'' "to have"'''
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''hawer'' "to haver"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| hawer
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| hawent
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| haawt
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! jou
| haai || hawe || hawui || hawuse ||
|-
! tu
| haas || hawes || hawuus || hawuses || haaw
|-
! el/elle/lou
| haat || hawet || hawuut || hawuset ||
|-
! noes/noezeuts
| hawens || hawens || hawuuns || hawusens ||
|-
! woes/woezeuts/os
| hawets || hawets || hawuuts || hawusets || hawets
|-
! els/elzeuts
| hawen || hawen || hawuun || hawusen ||
|-
|}-->


==Syntax==
==Syntax==

Revision as of 10:24, 5 January 2023

Yutch (/jʌtʃ/) is a Gallo-Romance language closely related to Twench.

Yutch
Yutch
Pronunciation[jʌtʃ]
Created byShariifka

Introduction

Etymology

Yutch is ultimately derived from Iuti, the Latin name for the Jutes.

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns are not declined for case.

There in no grammatical gender besides natural gender (similar to English).

Plural is usually formed in -(e)s.

Articles

Precede the noun they modify.

  • Definite article: le
  • Indefinite article: a (before consonants), an (before vowels)

Pronouns

Numerals

Verbs

Principal parts

Verb classes

Conversely, -i in the first person only appears after vowels.

Examples of verbs

Class 1 regular - kantaar "to sing"

Conjugation of kantaar "to sing"
Infinitive kantaar
Present participle kantaant
Past participle kantaat
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
jou kant kante kantaai kantase
tu kants kantes kantaas kantases kant
el/elle/lou kantet kantet kantaat kantaset
noes/noezeuts kantens kantens kantaans kantasens
woes/woezeuts/os kantets kantets kantaats kantasets kantets
els/elzeuts kanten kanten kantaan kantasen

Class 2a regular - perijr "to perish"

Conjugation of perijr "to perish"
Infinitive perijr
Present participle perissent
Past participle perijt
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
jou peris perisse perij perise
tu perisses perisses perijs perises peris
el/elle/lou perist perisset perijt periset
noes/noezeuts perissens perissens perijns perisens
woes/woezeuts/os perissets perissets perijts perisets perissets
els/elzeuts perissen perissen perijn perisen

Class 2b regular - doermijr "to sleep"

Conjugation of doermijr "to sleep"
Infinitive doermijr
Present participle doerment
Past participle doermijt
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
jou doerm doerme doermij doermise
tu doerms doermes doermijs doermises doerm
el/elle/lou doermt doermet doermijt doermiset
noes/noezeuts doermens doermens doermijns doermisens
woes/woezeuts/os doermets doermets doermijts doermisets doermets
els/elzeuts doermen doermen doermijn doermisen

Class 3 regular - weinder "to sell"

Conjugation of weinder "to sell"
Infinitive weinder
Present participle weindent
Past participle weindet
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
jou weind weinde weindui weinduse
tu weinds weindes weinduus weinduses weind
el/elle/lou weindt weindet weinduust weinduset
noes/noezeuts weindens weindens weinduuns weindusens
woes/woezeuts/os weindets weindets weinduuts weindusets weindets
els/elzeuts weinden weinden weinduun weindusen

Irregular - dijr "to say"

Conjugation of dijr "to say"
Infinitive dijr
Present participle disent
Past participle dit
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
jou dijs dise disui disuse
tu dises dises disuus disuses dij
el/elle/lou dijst diset disuust disuset
noes/noezeuts disens disens disuuns disusens
woes/woezeuts/os disets disets disuuts disusets disets
els/elzeuts disen disen disuun disusen

Irregular - ester "to be"

Conjugation of ester "to be"
Infinitive ester
Present participle estent
Past participle estet
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
jou zui zeie fui fuse
tu es zeies fuus fuses zei
el/elle/lou est zeiet fuut fuset
noes/noezeuts zons zeiens fuuns fusens
woes/woezeuts/os ests zeiets fuuts fusets zeits
els/elzeuts zon zeien fuun fusen

Irregular: hawer "to have"

Conjugation of hawer "to haver"
Infinitive hawer
Present participle hawent
Past participle haawt
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
jou haai hawe hawui hawuse
tu haas hawes hawuus hawuses haaw
el/elle/lou haat hawet hawuut hawuset
noes/noezeuts hawens hawens hawuuns hawusens
woes/woezeuts/os hawets hawets hawuuts hawusets hawets
els/elzeuts hawen hawen hawuun hawusen

-->

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

Toot human esters nasce liver et equal in dignitate et draights. Else son endootet of raison et conscience, et else deve at age of une alter in a spirit de frathertate.

/tuːt ˈçuːmən ˈɛstəɹz næs ˈlɪvəɹ ət iːkwəl ɪn ˈdɪɡnɪtət ət dɹeɪts ‖ ɛls sʌn ənˈdutət əv ˈɹeɪzən ət ˈkɔnʃəns | ət ɛls diːv æt eɪdʒ əv juːn ɔːltəɹ ɪn ə ˈspɪɹɪt də frɑːðəɹtət/

Other resources

Swadesh list

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