User:Aydın Baykara

Constructed Language AYBAY CONLANG (ABCL)

“AyBay ConLang”, (abbreviated as ABCL) is a constructed language (conlang), developed and issued by Dr. Aydin Baykara in 2022. It is an a priori language, which means that the complete vocabulary has been created entirely new, starting from zero. ABCL is a conlang containing partly the features of philosophical and logical languages. It is less agglutinative, but fairly inflective and derivative too.

Living world languages are difficult to learn also because of many irregularities, ambiguities and of grammatical rules of differing complexity. Most of the conlangs aim to be easy learning international auxiliary language (IAL) by avoiding them. Accordingly such a conlang –to be easy and simple- should fulfil the following conditions:

• Introducing logical rules in grammar, which should be however as little as possible.
• High degree of unambiguity. It means that each word has exactly one grammatical interpretation. Their grammatical relation to each other should be in exactly defined.
• The words shall be classified in predefined, clearly distinguishable classes.
• Phonologically it should be avoided to define a different word by aspiration, shortening, lengthening, and stressing or accenting a phoneme, consonant or vowel.
• For the ease of utterance and fluency the diphthong and double consonants in a syllable shall be avoided.
• The words shall be as short as possible for short expressions and for saving printing paper.

ABCL is built up in two levels. The basic one (Level 1) is for normal use (about B2 level of CEFR) and the second level (Level 2) is for the full utilization of all aspects for higher purposes like printed papers and literature.

ABCL tries to achieve these goals by:

• Clearly defined syntax (SVO), fixed order of affixes, simple and reduced number of tenses, moods, aspects if compared with living languages.
• ABCL defines for Level 1 basic (root) words with one interpretation only. Other words with closer variable meaning will be expressed by addition of suitable adverbial or other particles. For Level 2 such words, if frequently used, may be defined as root word too.
• Words are created according to a certain scheme systematically as detailed below (Title: Vocabulary) Thus a learner can easily identify with this scheme which role a word in the sentence play (adverb, noun etc.) without knowing its meaning before. Except verbs (even after conjugation) and conjunctives/prepositions all words ends up on a vowel. This way (one vowel follow the other) it will not possible to merge two particles in one if somebody speaks too fast (inevitably he must stop before second vowel).
• This scheme avoids diphthongs and clusters in a syllable too, with three exemptions only (the modal prefixes, plural and antonym suffixes _i and _x)
• ABCL relies up on the Turkish alphabet and orthography and follows the principle "one letter per sound."

Another goal of ABCL is to use as less letters as possible for an expression compared with native languages. As for example, because the conjunctives, prepositions and pronouns are the most used words in many languages, we have created such words as two and three letters words. This way ABCL needs about half of the characters of English language to express the same content. That means, we could save half of the pages of a book written in English and so on.

Here are some guidelines for easy understanding of the following text: (where “C” indicates consonants and “V” vowels) The sign “*” attached to a “V”(V*) or “C”(C*) indicates that the vowels vary from “a” to “ü” and the consonants from “b” to “z” respectively. The sign “#” is a placeholder for a varying vowel or consonant. The point “.” between syllables of ABCL words is used to indicate an affix. It is just a demo to make the role of the suffixes clearer in this article. It will not be applied in normal usage of the language.

ORTHOGRAPHY

ABCL exploits eight vowels available in different languages, but without lengthening and lowering them. Besides the common vowels “a, e, i, o, u”, also “ö and ü” (from German and Turkish for example) and “ı” (ɯ- close back unrounded vowel, which is not common in ABC’s but in Turkish), will be utilized.

It is not difficult in pronunciation at all, even though it seems so for outsiders. Although it doesn’t exist in English ABC, it can be heard very often in daily talks, for example in vocabularies ending with “_tion” like “station”, which would be written in ABCL as “sıteyşın”. The first “ı” may not be distinguished (as in clusters “st”) but the second one is articulated also in English, lengthened and stressed. Even though ABCL abstains from using it in case of nouns, where we have huge possibility of the word creation without utilization of ”ı” (and others as the consonants “j” and “h” for example), in some cases however (like verbs and particles) they are needed for the creation of the sufficient numbers of the words.

Close/similar sounds of the vowel “e” (like a-umlaut in German) have been also dismissed.

ABCL uses 20 consonants, however only 18 will be utilized generally. These 18 include also the consonants “ç” and “ş” (English digraphs ch and sh). The “w” has been omitted for sounding very close to “v” and “q” close to “k”. The “j”, itself sounding as in the French word “je”, has been included for marking the questions and numerals.

Besides it will be necessary for the second level of ABCL, if there is a shortage in the creation of CV and VC type ‘two letters’ particles (adjectives, prepositions, pronouns) in Level 2.

The last questionable consonant used here seldom (e.g. for ordinal numbers), is “ğ” which sound like “gh” in “though” in English. “x” sounds same as in English and is used for negations only (at the end of the word it modifies). See next sheet for the complete table of the spelling pronunciation with other examples.

ALPHABET and PRONUNCIATION

Letters		Examples in English		IPA
a		as in father		a
b		as in below		b
c		as in jungle, jar		ʤ
ç		as in CHair, CHallange		ʧ
d		as in dark		d
e		as in bed		e
f		as in food		f
g		as in dog, ago		g
ğ		as in thouGH		-
h		as in hallo, has		h
ı		as in opEN		ɯ
i		as in meet		i
j		as in measure		ʒ
k		as in cop		k
l		as in length		l, ʎ
m		as in measure		m
n		as in nice		n
o		as in pore		o
ö		as in sir		ø
p		as in piece		p
r		as in rice		r, ɹ
s		as in sick		s
ş		as in SHare, SHade		ʃ
t		as in tip		t
u		as in today		u
ü		as in jury, fUture		y
v		as in village, vertical		v
y		as in bay, yes		j
z		as in zero, zodiac		z
x		as in six		x

ABCL does not rely on the exact pronunciation of the letters. Words are constructed such a way that it is not sensitive to the diversions such as aspect and accenting. But it is essential to stress the vowels in V, VC, CV, VCV, CVC formations and the second vowel in CVCCV and longer formations.

VOCABULARY, LEXICON, WORD FORMATION/DERIVATION

Words are created according to the following scheme:

Nouns have the scheme CVCCV, verbs CVC, adverbs VCV, adjectives CV and VCV, conjunctives and prepositions VC. Pronouns have V and VCV respectively. In case a scheme is used for more than one category (as VCV), certain vowels or consonants are allocated to one class only so that a mix up can be avoided (e.g. for the adjectives VCV, the first vowels are “a and e”; for the adverbs “o, ö, u and ü”; for the pronouns “i”.). Number of letters for each category is chosen considering the possible combinations in creation of the required number of a lexical category. (e.g. although for nouns (with CVCCV), combinations over 500 000 may be required and can be created theoretically, for the verbs, three letters CVC may covers the required range).

ABCL lexicon (ABCL- English) has been prepared in form of an Excel file, separated in groups of lexical categories: noun, verb, adjective, adverb, conjunction and preposition, pronoun, derived nouns (and additionally a table with the affixes for inflections, conjugations and declensions). The category “noun” consists of 15 noun classes, each of them placed in a separate Excel page. Further details have been explained under the related page title “NOUN”. Verbs are separated also in classes, similar to nouns, placed under one Excel page, which includes also the derived verbs separately. Similarly, to each other category, an Excel page has been allocated. A word can be searched using the “search” function of Excel in both direction. A direct visual search is also possible, if the correct class of the word can be judged before, while looking in the relevant page and under the corresponding subtitle.

Word formation/creation by the derivation between verb-noun-adjective-adverbs has been done with the help of the suffixes. Suffixes are selected for each logically defined group separately. They have been explained in the following with examples for each type of the syntactic category separately. ABCL has about 3800 root nouns (including 3000 most common nouns of English listed by Britannica Dictionary), 1600 root verbs, 600 adjectives, over 100 adverbs, 100 conjunctions/prepositions and 60 pronouns defined in English translation. With some defined derivations the vocabulary has reached almost seven thousand words, which is considered sufficient for the daily use of World languages.

As explained below for individual cases the word creation system of ABCL is able to create huge number of the root words additionally. Nevertheless with the help of the created rules for the word derivations, one will be able to find a word which he needs to express himself easily. Thus, we can estimate the vocabulary of ABCL at this stage already about 8000 to 10000 words.

NOUNS of ABCL

BASIC/ROOT NOUNS

“Basic/root nouns” consist principally of five letters (CVCCV). There are however nouns derived from verbs, adjectives and other nouns having six-seven letters. They all end on a vowel same as the basic nouns. Adding the sixth and seventh letter was necessary to avoid ambiguities with the root nouns and the double vowels. The root nouns are classified in 15 noun groups, each of them heading a special area of use, such as “body”, “human”, “animals”, plants, “mental”, psychology-spirit”, social”, “daily home”, “health”, “pastime”, ”nature and environment”, “science”, “construction-technic-transport”, “time” and “others”. Each of them has its own special initial consonant. Considering “S” is being the mostly utilized initial consonant in many languages, we preferred it for the “heading” BODY and HUMAN, which are mostly mentioned in daily speaking.

This partly philosophical approach of word creation are not favoured by some critics, saying words differing by an end vowel (or consonant) only, could be mixed up easily. This may seem at first sight true but many world languages have many similar words which is not considered as a problem for them. Even so, the grouping and classification of words as done in ABCL have the big advantage of connotation for memorizing or remembering a word.

Nouns are created by the use of an Excel matrix; an example for the main topic “BODY” is shown below. For this heading, CVCCV is selected as S#N##, whereas S and N being basic consonants for the heading “BODY”. The subtopics are constructed by varying first vocal in lateral line of the matrix from “A” to “Ü” (also 8 vocals=8 columns) (here, for example, for subtitle “Head”, first varying vowel being “E”, first syllable is SEN and for the following subtitle “Upper Body”, it is SİN ). Now for each subheading having a fixed CVC (e.g. SEN), the fourth letter (consonant) will be kept, the fifth letter (a vowel) will be varied from “A” to “Ü” (“SEN”C#), building a block with 8 columns. ((In the matrix below, for the sake of vowel harmony (applied for the “Level 1” only) some columns (e.g. “sanbe, sınbi, sünbo..) haven’t been utilized.)) Vertically, at the each column of the matrix the fourth letter (a consonant) will be varied from “B” to “Z” (“SEN”C*”a”… 20 in total). This way for each subtopic 8×20=160 nouns could be created theoretically. For one heading (e.g. “BODY” with the corresponding fixed consonants “SAN”##, “SEN”## etc. as here) we could have 8×160=1280 nouns. Varying “N” in this scheme from “B” to “Z”, we will have 20×1280=25 600 nouns beginning with “S”. And for 20 initial consonants, we could have created 20×25 600=512 000 nouns with this matrix scheme.

We aim to utilize for the Level 1 about 5000 nouns only, so we can effort dropping combination with difficult pronunciations (for example with the letters “J” or “I” and for the sake of vowel harmony etc. Fully utilization of the matrix might be required for the medical and technical terms only, if any. The matrix scheme would also allow using of the computer programs for word creation and translation. The matrix allows further sub-subheading such as of the “Head”, the first column (S-ENe) indicating sense organs like eye, nose, ear (denoted as Sene: primary) and further columns right of them, the subparts of first noun at the beginning (denoted as “seconders”). For example: eye (senge) (first column), then in the same row; eyelid (sengi), eyelash (sengo), iris (sengö). Being Excel table, the matrix allows right click explanation for each cell, where we can put the meaning of a word in any language.

                     ABCL nouns of group S#N##* (BODY) (selected partially as example)
                                           SEN: HEAD

Sen#e: Primary				Sen#i: Secondary	Sen#o: Secondary.....

SEN#e			SEN#i			SEN#o			SEN#ö			SEN#ü
senbe	head		senbi	...		senbo	...		senbö	...		senbü	...
sence	skull		senci	scalp		senco	...		sencö	chin		sencü	cheekbone
sençe	tooth		sençi	foretooth		senço	gum		sençö	canine tooth		sençü	grinder
sende	mouth		sendi	lip		sendo	palate		sendö	poach		sendü	tongue
senfe	nose		senfi	nostril		senfo	phlegm		senfö	nosal bone		senfü	sinus
senge	eye		sengi	eye lid		sengo	eye lash		sengö	iris		sengü	pupil
senhe	ear		senhi	earlobe	...	senho	...		senhö	middle ear		senhü	inner ear
...........
senne	...		senni	...		senno	...		sennö	...		sennü	...
...........
sense	eye brow		sensi	...		senso	...		sensö	...		sensü	...
senze	face		senzi	forehead		senzo	...		senzö	jaw		senzü	cheek

Prosodics are generally not required. However to avoid the misunderstanding due to close sounds of some vocals the (especially second) syllables must be accentuated.

DERIVED NOUNS

Nouns will be derived from nouns, verbs and adjectives by adding suffixes according to a fixed scheme. They will typically end also on a vowel as the root nouns.

Deverbal Nouns

ABCL Suffix		ABCL Suffix		Example: ABCL noun		English Suffix	Some English Nouns (Examples)
(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(incl. Level 2)			(only nouns in italic translated into ABCL)
_şe		_şe		yin.şe, dek.şe		to (infinitive)	to run, to eat
_aya		_aya		kas.aya		_, _age, _ure	cut, bore, leakage, creature
_aya		_aya		çol.aya		_/t)ion	protrusion, indication, motion, division, organization, evaporation
_aya		_aya		her.aya		_ing	building, being, writing, dead, smell, piping
_aya		_aha		mes.aha		_ence	joy, fun, thought, excellence
_aya		_aha		hün.aha, tad.aha		_ment	employment, enjoyment, amazement, imprisonment, replacement
_aya		_ada		tüm.ada		_(t-,s-)ion	relaxation, attention, selection, evaporation, introduction
_ana		_ama		hün.ama		_er,_ent,_ory,_ak,_ier	employer, student, servant, baker, liar, governor, waitress, signatory, cashier, cleaner
_ana		_ana		vük.ana		_er	counter, cleaner, recorder, opener, obstacle, scale, viewer (for _scope: as microscope)
_aya		_aşa		dan.aşa		_	dress/clothes(ing)/wear/garment
_asa		_asa		hün.asa		_ee	employee, refugee, trainee
_aça		_aça		vös.aça		_(e)ry	refinery, bakery, laundry, laboratory, dormitory
_aça		_aca		dir.aca		_ing, _tion	bedding, station (bus stop), aim/target, passage
_aka		_aka		yin.aka		_ing (gerund)	running, beginning, rejoicing

According to the meaning they add to the derived nouns, English suffixes can be grouped in to e.g.: nomina acti, nomina actionis, nomina agentis (acting), nomina patientis (affected), noun loci (place); result/product of act for real and abstract objects, result as process etc. These groups are shown in the second column (Level 2) of the above table.

One can see in the table that there is not a different noun created from the same verbal root by different suffix groups "aya, aha, ada" and "aşa". Even it seems sometimes so as for "expectance via expectancy", the meaning remains almost the same. It means, we can use one suffix only instead of those three. (Seemingly different meanings by different suffixes arises by the root verb, not by the suffix, accordingly no need for such suffix diversity.)

So, in ABCL for the Level 1 we will lessen the suffixes of mentioned group to one suffix "aya" only. Suffixes "ama" and "ana" will be merged to "ana" indicating the subject of the act (independently person or thing) only. Passive subject suffix "asa" remains as it is. Third merged suffix is "aça" including also "aca" which denotes the place. Fourth is "aka", stand for "-ing" and some "-tion" suffixes naming the action itself by the name.

Thus ABCL has finally five derivational suffixes for deverbal nouns as shown in first column. The suffixes of the second column at the table above may be used however for the Level 2 if needed.(Shortened in the lists above and below; complete lists of this group can be seen at my URL: http://aydinbaykara.com)

With the help of those five suffixes and assumed two thousand suitable verbs, it would be possible to create 10 000 new nouns for Level 1 only.

Denominal Nouns

ABCL Suffix L1		ABCL Suffix L2		Examp.: ABCL noun L2	English Suffix	Some English Nouns (Examples)
_da(abstr.nouns)		_da		salya.da	_hood,_ness,_ity	motherhood, friendship, military, kingdom
_da		_ha		senge.ha		spectacles, woodshed, cucumber, Spielzeug(German)
_da		_ya		salya.ya	-y/-n/-en/-on,-ling,-ette	mummy, doggy, chicken, kitten, maiden, darling, diskette
_na(people-group)		_ma		pesçe.ma	-ian/-er/-man/-ist	politician, librarian, musician, porter, fireman, artist, dentist, racist, Buddhist, atheist
_na		_sa		Türkiye.sa	-ish/-ian/-an/-er/-se	Turkish, Algerian, Roman, Chinese (citizen of that country)
_na		_na		paskö.na	_ish,_ien,_an,(e)r	citizen, villager, republican, English, German (folk)
_ta(branch-area)		_ta		banya.ta	_logy,_nomy,_graphy	biology, psychology, astronomy, stenography, geography, photography
		-			country name	as in the original language, not in English
					-meter	thermometer (Suffix replaced by compound words such as "heat gauge")

For the similar consideration as the deverbal noun derivation above, ABCL will have the suffix "da" for the suffixes of the Level 2 (L2)"da, ha, ya"; the suffix "na" for "na, ma, sa, ra"(all human related) and "ta" for scientific nouns.

Even if rarely, it is possible that one Level 1 suffix covers two nouns with differing meaning (In the table above "motherhood" and "mummy" are both derived from "mother". With one Level 1 (L1) suffix "da" only, we would have an ambiguity. Therefore we need here to go back to Level 2, where we have two different suffixes ("da" and "ya").

If a noun very frequently used, we defined beside derived one also a root noun for it directly in ABCL as e.g. above pesçe.ma (=pesce). Derivation rules, once memorized, can be applied for new cases also but the word will be longer, other way we have to learn the new noun additionally to derived one, which we consider adequate for the Level 2 only.

Noun Derived from Adjective

ABCL Suffix		Examp.: ABCL noun	English Suffix	Some English Nouns (Examples)
_ka		heha.ka	-y	pinky
_ka;(x)_ka		ebi.ka, ebix.ka	-	beauty, ugliness
_ka		açü.ka, abax.ka	_dom,_hood	freedom, boredom, falsehood
_ka		ehi.ka, atü.ka	_th, _(en)ce	depth, strength, prominence, absence
(x)_ka		avax.ka	_ness	sadness, kindness, darkness, business
_ka		silbi.to.ka	_(al)ity,_ty,_y	sexuality, normality, formality, loyalty, jealousy, victory
(x)_ka		göd.amox.ka(*)	_cy	vacancy, fluency, frequency
(x)_ka		avax.ka	_ness	sadness, kindness, darkness, business
_vunye		şı.vunye, ki.vunye	_gon	polygon, pentagon

(*)Nouns will not be derived from deverbal adjectives but directly from verbs, so it will be “göd.ayax”

Noun Derived from Adverb

__sı/si

oye.si

-side

outside

Compound/Combined Noun Derivations

adjective.verb	edu.çeni	telephone
adjective.verb	edu.biyi	television
adjective.verb	edu. bayı	telescope
adjective.verb	edux.bayı	microscope
adjective.noun	eme vondi	lens/magnifier
verb.noun	ene.n. vondi	magnifying glass
adjective.noun	şo.bangı	something

VERBS of ABCL

BASIC/ROOT VERBS

Verbs consist basically of three letters as CVC. They are also classified in schemes similar to the nouns. Fifteen “main headings” (with the first denoting letter of the group following) are “PHYSICAL ACTS -K**”, “AKTIVE ACTIONS –Y, R and G**”, “PEOPLE – S and Ş**”, “SOCIAL RELATION –F and P**”, “MENTAL ACTIVITIES –B and M**”, “HOUSEHOLD, … DAILY LIFE -D**”, “PASTTIME, SPOR, HEALTH -T**”, “UTTARANCE, NONPERSON ACTS-Ç**”, “BUSINESS, PUBLIC -H**”, “TECHNIC / SCIENCE / NATURE-V**”. In PHYSICAL ACTS, “K**” is initial consonant for the heading, ** indicates varying 8 vowels (“a” to “ü”) in the second place and alternating 20 consonants in the third place. This way 4600 verbs can be created theoretically, but for the same reason as for the nouns, only half of them will be taken in to the consideration.

For the Level 1, ABCL has about one thousand six hundreds of them, which seems to be adequate. The main heading could be subdivided in subheading such as KA* for a certain type of “physical acting” and KE* for another where appropriate (not in this example).

As example, some verbs in the category “K-physical acting” are shown below:

kaf

set up

kef

set down

kıf

kif

fasten

kah

dig

keh

fill

kıh

kih

excavate

kak

walk

kek

preserve

kık

kik

fit

kal

open

kel

close

kıl

kil

shut down

kam

pull

kem

push

kım

kim

twist

kan

take

ken

give

kın

take away

kin

bring

kap

throw/fling

kep

dart

kıp

kip

kick

kar

hit

ker

crush/bump

kır

bust

kir

catch

kas

cut

kes

separate

kıs

kis

divide

Verbs will be flexed for the first level beside tenses also for ergative, causative, imperative, passive, subjunctive and negative. Suffixes for further tenses and moods have been defined also for Level 2 such as inferential, optative, subjunctive conditional etc. additionally. Those moods of the second level can be replaced in the first level by the prepositions as in English.

Verbs are transitive, intransitive and also both even though identical in writing (and speaking as in English). A transitive verb in one language may be intransitive in another language. Because English includes many such verbs, for the translation from English to ABCL, ABCL needed two different verbs for each type of the meaning in order to overcome the ambiguity.

Thus, the ergative mood has been introduced with the suffix “_t” after the intransitive verb to make it “transitive”. Accordingly, a verb defined in ABCL lexicon is intrinsically intransitive, if it is not clearly transitive by its own inherent sense. Therefore the lexicon does not contain transitive verbs which can be flexed with the suffix “_t” from the intransitive verb except those used very frequently. With other words, if one search the lexicon for the ABCL translation of an English verb, the counterpart verb will be the one with the intransitive meaning.

This is however not a big issue, because a verb in a clause accompanied by an object will be understood as transitive in any way.

DERIVED VERBS

Verbs will be derived from nouns and adjectives by adding suffixes according to a fixed scheme. They will typically end also on a consonant as the root verbs.

For the derivation of verbs from the nouns the suffixes “_k” (for transitive) and “_l” (for intransitive) will be added (thus we will have a four and five (for negation with _x) letter verb. For the adjectives also the suffix “_l” is chosen (these type of verbs are always intransitive). The number of letters may be increased up to seven letters.

Derived Verbs from Nouns (Denominal Verbs)

- (first noun of the rows translated only)

ABCL Suffix		ABCL verb	English Suffix	English verb (examples)
(noun)_k		çanko.k, dengo.k	_, _en, _ize	fire, salt, frighten(vt), vocalize(vt), terrorize, idolise
(noun)_k		pesçi.k	_ate	liberate, hyphenate, concentrate, oscillate
(noun)_l		vesne.l/posbo.l	_en, get …	sun/sunbathe, get angry, lighten, get old, prink up
(noun)_l		vönni.l	_ize/ise	vaporize, get icy, materialize(vi),
(noun)_lx		tanrı.lx	get …	get no fever

Derived Verbs from Adjectives

ABCL Suffix		ABCL verb	English verb (examples)
_l, _lx		efi.l- efil.x	be new-become old
_l, _lx		ene.l- enel.x	greaten/biggen-become small/diminish
_l, _lx		emi.l- emi.lx	shine-become dull/tarnish/dim
_l, _lx		egi.l- egix.l	be fresh/freshen-be stale (wither)
_l, _lx		ebi.l- ebix.l	become beautiful-be ugly

The negation suffix “x” is normally placed at the end of the word which it negates. If “x” follows or followed by a consonant, a short sounded “ı or i” introduced in between (in accordance with the vowel harmony) in speaking, but not in writing.

Verbal Forms in ABCL

Many verbs in English are ambitransitive (transitive and intransitive, depending on the context) such as burn, sink, read, break etc. where the separation is provided either by their context (receiving an object) or by the special prepositions/particles. ABCL tries to minimize and to simplify this duality. The verbs defined in lexicon are either inherently intransitive (among others linking verbs like appear, be, become, feel, get, grow, keep, look, seem, sound, smell, stay, turn etc.) i.e. they cannot take object or inherently transitive, i.e. they take object. Equivalent of any ambitransitive English verb is defined in ABCL always as transitive too (e.g. the verb “sink=yus” is in ABCL transitive only even though in English it may have the meanings such as: the boat sank (intransitive) and the storm has sunk the bot (transitive)). Intransitive includes also reflexive and reciprocal. Because there are too many transitive verbs which can be transformed by reflexion in to (semi-)intransitive verbs, ABCL introduced the suffix “_t” for this purpose. Similar approach has been chosen also for the reciprocal verbs with the suffix “_k”. With this approach the problem of the ambitransitive verbs would be overcome in ABCL. Other way around to make out of an intransitive verb a transitive one (ergative) ABCL defined the suffix “_t”. English uses also different word or auxiliary to make out of an inherently intransitive verb a transitive verb (like “die-kill”, “sleep- get/make… sleep”) or opposite. Contrary to ABCL, it creates from transitive verb intransitive reflexive verbs by using reflexive pronouns (protect-protect oneself). Other suffixes for further verbal forms are listed in the table under the title: Modal Verbs, Inflexions and Modus in ABCL further below.