Gemendic: Difference between revisions

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===Orthography===
===Orthography===
====Latin orthography====
=====Alphabet=====
<!--
{|style="text-align:center"
|
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter !! Name !! IPA
|-
| '''A a''' || a || [ä]
|-
| '''B b''' || be || [be̞]
|-
| '''C c''' || ce || [t͡ʃe̞]
|-
| '''Ç ç''' || çe || [θe̞]
|-
| '''D d''' || de || [d̪e̞]
|-
| '''E e''' || e || [e̞]
|-
| '''F f''' || efe || [ˈe̞fe̞]
|-
| '''G g''' || ge || [d͡ʒe̞]
|-
| '''Gh gh''' || ghen || [ʕe̞n]
|-
| '''H h''' || haca || [ˈhäkä]
|}
|
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter !! Name !! IPA
|-
| '''I i''' || i || [i]
|-
| '''J j''' || jota || [ˈd͡ʒo̞t̪ä]
|-
| '''K k''' || ka || [kä]
|-
| '''L l''' || ele || [ˈe̞le̞]
|-
| '''Lh lh''' || elhe || [ˈe̞ʎe̞]
|-
| '''M m''' || eme || [ˈe̞me̞]
|-
| '''N n''' || ene || [ˈe̞ne̞]
|-
| '''Nh nh''' || enhe || [ˈe̞ɲe̞]
|-
| '''O o''' || o || [o̞]
|-
| '''P p''' || pe || [pe̞]
|}
|
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter !! Name !! IPA
|-
| '''Q q''' || cu || [ku]
|-
| '''R r''' || erre || [ˈe̞re̞]
|-
| '''S s''' || esse || [ˈe̞se̞]
|-
| '''T t''' || te || [t̪e̞]
|-
| '''U u''' || u || [u]
|-
| '''V v''' || ve || [ve̞]
|-
| '''W w''' || we || [we̞]
|-
| '''X x''' || exe || [ˈe̞ʃe̞]
|-
| '''Y y''' || ye || [je̞]
|-
| '''Z z''' || zeta || [ˈðe̞t̪ä]
|}
|}
-->
=====Consonants=====
<!--
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Consonants'''
! '''Letter'''
! '''Context'''
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]]
! '''Examples'''
! '''Remarks'''
|-
| rowspan="3"|'''b'''
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| [b]
| ''buen'' "good"; ''ambos'' "both"
|
|-
| elsewhere (i.e. after a vowel, even across a word boundary, or after any consonant other than ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩)
| [β̞]
| ''sobre'' "over"
|
|-
| utterance-final
| [p] or [ɸ̞]
| ''ob'' "where"
|
|-
| rowspan="4"| '''c'''
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| [tʃ] or [ʃ] (depending on the dialect)
| ''ceto'' "early; in the morning"
|
|-
| elsewhere
| [k]
| ''canta'' "song"
|
|-
| before voiced consonants
| [ɣ̞]
| ''anécdota'' "anecdote"
|
|-
| in the cluster ⟨ct⟩
| [ɣ̞] or [x̞]
| ''actual'' "current"
|
|-
| '''ch'''
| everywhere
| [tʃ] or [ʃ] (depending on the dialect)
| ''xuchar'' "to listen"
|
|-
| '''ç'''
| everywhere
| [θ], [s], or [tʃ] (depending on the dialect)
| ''cueça'' "slope"
|
|-
| rowspan="4"| '''d'''
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| [d̪]
| ''dar'' "to give"; ''caldu'' "hot"
|
|-
| after ⟨n⟩ word-finally
| Ø
| ''mond'' "world"
|
|-
| elsewhere
| [ð̞]
| ''modos'' "ways, modes"
|
|-
| utterance-final
| [t̪] or [θ̞]
| ''mod'' "way, mode"
|
|-
| '''f'''
| everywhere
| [f]
| ''formica'' "ant"
|
|-
| rowspan="5"| '''g'''
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| [dʒ]
| ''germán'' "brother"
|
|-
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| [ʒ]
| ''viage'' "journey"
|
|-
| not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| [ɡ]
| ''gat'' "cat"
|
|-
| not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| [ɣ˕]
| ''suegru'' "father-in-law"
|
|-
| utterance-final
| [k] or [x̞]
| ''zigzag'' "zigzag"
| In loanwords.
|-
| '''gh'''
| everywhere
| [ʕ]
| ''ghada'' "tradition, custom"
| In Arabic loanwords
|-
| rowspan="4"|'''gu'''
| before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| [ɡw]
| ''lengua'' "tongue, language"
|
|-
| before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and not in the above contexts
| [ɣ̞w]
| ''Paraguay'' "Paraguay"
| In loanwords.
|-
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| [ɡ]
| ''guitarra'' "guitar"
|
|-
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| [ɣ̞]
| ''magues'' "witches, female Zoroastrians"
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|'''gü'''
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| [ɡw]
| ''lengües'' "tongues, languages"
|
|-
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| [ɣ̞w]
| ''següey'' "Segway"
| In loanwords.
|-
| rowspan="2"|'''h'''
| everywhere
| [h] or [ħ] or [x]
| ''horru'' "free"
| Generally occurs in loanwords.
|-
| everywhere (rare)
| Ø
| ''honestu'' "honest"
| Occurs in loanwords where the letter is silent in the original language. May be pronounced [h] as a spelling pronunciation.
|-
| rowspan="3"| '''j'''
| either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| [dʒ]
| ''ja'' "already"
|
|-
| elsewhere
| [ʒ]
| ''viajar'' "to travel"
|
|-
| utterance-final
| [tʃ] or [ʃ]
| ''alhaj'' "Hajj"
| In loanwords.
|-
| '''k'''
| rare; only occurs in a few loanwords and sensational spellings
| [k]
| ''kilogramu'' "kilogram"
| Can generally be replaced with ''c'' or ''qu''.
|-
| '''l'''
| everywhere
| [l]
| ''lengua'' "tongue, language"
|
|-
| '''lh'''
| everywhere
| [ʎ]
| ''vielh'' "old"
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| '''m'''
| everywhere except word-finally
| [m]
| ''mesa'' "table"
|
|-
| word-final
| [n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect)
| ''Adam'' "Adam"
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''n'''
| everywhere but before other consonants and word-finally
| [n]
| ''manes'' "hands"
|
|-
| before other consonants
| [m]; [ɱ]; [n]; [n̪]; [ɲ]; [ŋ]
| ''lengua'' "tongue, language"
| Assimilates to the following consonant’s place of articulation.
|-
| word-finally
|[n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect)
| ''man'' "hand"
|
|-
| '''nh'''
| everywhere
| [ɲ]
| ''suenh'' "sleep, dream"
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| '''p'''
| everywhere
| [p]
| ''padre'' "father"
|
|-
| in the consonant cluster ⟨pt⟩
| [β̞] or [ɸ̞]
| ''aptu'' "apt"
|
|-
| '''q'''
| everywhere
| [k]
| ''Qátar'' "Qatar"
| In loanwords.
|-
| rowspan="2"| '''qu'''
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| [k]
| ''que'' "what"
|
|-
| elsewhere
| [kw]
| ''quatro'' "four"
|
|-
| '''qü'''
| only occurs before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| [kw]
| ''aqües'' "waters"
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| '''r'''
| word-initial, morpheme-initial,
or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, or ⟨z⟩; in emphatic speech may also be used instead of [ɾ] in syllable-final (especially before ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨t⟩, or ⟨d⟩) and word-final positions (before pause or consonant-initial words only)
| [r]
| ''rat'' "rat"
|
|-
| elsewhere
| [ɾ]
| ''plorar'' "to cry"
|
|-
| '''rr'''
| only occurs between vowels
| [r]
| ''carru'' "car"
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| '''s'''
| word-initial, morpheme initial, before a voiceless consonant, or utterance-final
| [s]
| ''salá'' "prayer"
|
|-
| everywhere else
| [z]
| ''mesa'' "table"
|
|-
| '''ss'''
| only occurs between vowels
| [s]
| ''passar'' "to pass"
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| '''t'''
| everywhere
| [t̪]
| ''tu'' "you"
|
|-
| before voiced consonants
| [ð̞]
| ''atmósfera'' "atmosphere"
|
|-
| after ⟨n⟩ word-finally
| Ø
| ''vient'' "wind"
|
|-
| '''v'''
| everywhere
| [v]
| ''vient'' "wind"
|
|-
| '''w'''
| everywhere
| [w]
| ''welh'' "eye"
|
|-
| rowspan="4"| '''x'''
| everywhere
| [ʃ]
| ''xuchar'' "to listen"
|
|-
| between vowels and word-finally
| [ks]
| ''toxina'' "toxin"
| In words of Latin or Greek origin; may be replaced with ⟨cs⟩ or ⟨s⟩ (with the associated pronunciation change).
|-
| before a consonant
| [ks] or [s]
| ''textu'' "text"
| In loanwords; may be replaced with ⟨s⟩ (and pronounced accordingly).
|-
| in the prefix ''ex-''
| [z]; [s] before a plosive
| ''examen'' "exam"
|
|-
| '''y'''
| everywhere except when acting as a vowel
| [j]
| ''yerva'' "grass"
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| '''z'''
| utterance-final or before a voiceless consonant
| [θ] or [s] (depending on the dialect)
| ''arroz'' "rice"
|
|-
| everywhere else
| [ð] or [z] (depending on the dialect)
| ''zagal'' "boy"
|
|}
-->
=====Vowels=====
<!--
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Monophthong Vowels
|-
! Letter
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]]
! Examples !! Remarks
|-
| '''a'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[ä]
| ''gat'' "cat"
|
|-
| '''e'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[e̞]
| ''mesa'' "table"
|
|-
| '''i'''
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|[i]
| ''felich'' "happy"
|
|-
| '''y'''
| ''y'' "and"
| Rare. Only commonly used as a vowel in the conjunction ''y'' and the homonymous adverbial pronoun.
|-
| '''o'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[o̞]
| ''ora'' "hour, time"
|
|-
| '''u'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[u]
| ''amicu'' "friend"
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowel letters in diphthongs
|-
! colspan="2" |Letter
![[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! Remarks
|-
! colspan="5" | In rising diphthongs
|-
| '''i'''
| ⟨i⟩ before a vowel
| style="text-align:center;"|[j]
| ''bien'' "well"; ''viage'' "journey"
|
|-
|'''u'''
|⟨u⟩ before a vowel (but silent in ⟨qu⟩ and ⟨gu⟩ before an ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩)
| style="text-align:center;"|[w]
| ''cueça'' "slope"; ''quatro'' "four"
|
|-
|'''ü'''
| ⟨ü⟩ before a vowel (only used in ⟨qü⟩ and ⟨gü⟩ before an ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩)
| style="text-align:center;"|[w]
| ''lengües'' "tongues, languages"
|
|-
! colspan="5" | In falling diphthongs
|-
| '''i'''
| ⟨i⟩ after a vowel
| style="text-align:center;"|[j]
| ''feit'' "made"
|
|-
| '''y'''
| ⟨y⟩ after a vowel
| style="text-align:center;"|[j]
| ''rey'' "king"
| Almost always word-final. ⟨-iy⟩ is pronounced [i].
|-
|'''u'''
| ⟨u⟩ after a vowel
| style="text-align:center;"|[w]
| ''autobús'' "bus"
|
|-
|'''w'''
| ⟨w⟩ after a vowel
| style="text-align:center;"|[w]
| ''ochaw'' "eighth (fraction)"
| Almost always word-final. ⟨-uw⟩ is pronounced [w].
|}
'''Notes:'''
#⟨iu⟩ and ⟨ui⟩ are ambiguous, since they may either be used for rising diphthongs (/ju/ and /wi/ respectively) or falling diphthongs (/iw/ and /uj/ respectively). In most cases, they represent rising diphthongs unless followed by ⟨t⟩. ⟨iw⟩ and ⟨uy⟩ always represent falling diphthongs.
#When a vowel (almost always ⟨e⟩) is both preceded and followed by a glide, a triphthong is formed - e.g. ''nueit, nueu, buey''.
-->
=====Stress=====
<!--
Stress in a word can be determined from the way it is written via the following rules:
*If there is any vowel with an acute accent, that vowel is stressed.
*If there is no vowel with an acute accent:
**The penultimate vowel is stressed if the word ends in a vowel, vowel + ''-n'', or vowel + ''-s''.
**The ultimate vowel is stressed if the word ends in any consonant other than ''-n'' or ''-s''.
*Note that:
**Diphthongs are always treated as one syllable.
**''iV'' and ''uV'' (where ''V'' represents any vowel other than ''i'' or ''u'') are treated as diphthongs, and therefore count as one syllable.
***The exception to this is if the ''i'' or ''u'' has an accent. However, this is rare since words that would have ''íV'' and ''úV'' are usually written as ''iyV'' and ''uwV''.
**Final ''-y'' and ''-w'' are treated as consonants, and they shift the stress to the final syllable.
-->
===Consonants===
===Consonants===


Revision as of 05:14, 18 May 2023

Gemendic (/dʒəˈmɛndɪk/, native: gemendesc /ʒemenˈdesk/) is an East Germanic language.

Gemendic
razda gemendesca
Pronunciation[ˈrazda ʒemenˈdeska]
Created byShariifka
Early forms
Old Gemendic
  • Middle Gemendic

Introduction

Gemendic is an East Germanic language with Western Germanic and Romance influence.

Phonology

Orthography

Latin orthography

Alphabet
Consonants
Vowels
Stress

Consonants

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

Alles tes vésanes manesques borsen fríes o sambres en verde o reites. Esses están scencedes me frèta o mevest, o esses escolen se gedrán en èn gèst fan brodrenesse.

IPA: /ˈaʎes tes ˈvesanes maˈneskes ˈboɾsen ˈfri.es o ˈsambɾes en ˈveɾðe o ˈreites ‖ ˈeses eˈstan ʃenˈtʃeðes me ˈfɾɛta o meˈvest | o ˈeses eˈskolen se ʒeˈðɾan en ɛn ʒɛst fan broðɾeˈnese/

Other resources

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