Gemendic

Gemendic (/dʒəˈmɛndɪk/, native: gemendesc /ʒemenˈdesk/) is an East Germanic language.

Gemendic
rasta gemendesca
Pronunciation	[ˈräst̪ä ʒemen̪ˈd̪eskä]
Created by	Shariifka
Language family	Indo-European Germanic East Germanic Gemendic
Early forms	Old Gemendic Middle Gemendic

Introduction

Gemendic is an East Germanic language with Western Germanic and Romance influence.

Phonology

Orthography

Latin orthography

Alphabet

Letter Name IPA A a a [ä] B b be [be] C c ce [t͡ʃe] Ç ç çe [se] D d de [d̪e] E e e [e] F f efe [ˈefe] G g ge [ʒe] H h haca [ˈxäkä] I i i [i]

Letter Name IPA J j jota [ˈʒot̪ä] K k ka [kä] L l ele [ˈele] Ll ll elle [ˈeʎe] M m eme [ˈeme] N n ene [ˈene] Nn nn enne [ˈeɲe] O o o [o] P p pe [pe] Q q cu [ku]

Letter Name IPA R r erre [ˈere] S s esse [ˈese] T t te [t̪e] U u u [u] V v ve [ve] W w doble-ve [ˈd̪oβle ve] X x exe [ˈeʃe] Y y i grega [i ˈɡreɣa] Z z zeta [ˈzet̪ä]

Consonants

Consonants

Letter	Context	IPA	Examples	Remarks
b	word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩	[b]	bad "bed"; lambes "lamb"
	elsewhere (i.e. after a vowel, even across a word boundary, or after any consonant other than ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩)	[β̞]	pebre "pepper"
	utterance-final after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩	[p]	domb "mute"
	utterance-final otherwise	[ɸ̞]	escab "form, condition"
c	before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩	[tʃ]	cenno "cheek, jaw"
	elsewhere else	[k]	cara "care, concern"
	before voiced consonants	[ɣ̞]	anécdota "anecdote"
	in the cluster ⟨ct⟩	[ɣ̞] or [k]	actual "current"
ch	everywhere	[tʃ]	chosen "to choose"
ç	everywhere	[s] or [θ] (depending on the dialect)	naçón "nation"
d	word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩	[d̪]	doitre "daughter"; hando "hand"
	elsewhere	[ð̞]	boda "benefit, use"
	utterance-final after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩	[t̪]	cald "cold"
	utterance-final otherwise	[θ̞]	bad "bed"
f	everywhere	[f]	fada "fence"
g	before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩	[ʒ]	gèst "ghost, spirit"
	not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩	[ɡ]	gannen "to go"; senga "(I) sing"
	not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts	[ɣ˕]	agre "field"
	utterance-final after ⟨n⟩	[k]	sang "song"
	utterance-final otherwise	[x̞]	rig "king"
gu	before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩	[ɡw]	lenguage "language"
	before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and not in the above contexts	[ɣ̞w]	Paraguay "Paraguay"
	before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩	[ɡ]	guitarra "guitar"; senguen "to sing"
	before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts	[ɣ̞]	bagueta "baguette"
gü	before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩	[ɡw]	ángüeda "distress"
	before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts	[ɣ̞w]	següey "Segway"
h	everywhere	[x] or [h] or [ħ] or ∅	hando "hand"	Some speakers do not pronounce ⟨h⟩ at all or only pronounce it in foreign words.
	everywhere (rare)	Ø	honest "honest"	Occurs in loanwords where the letter is silent in the original language. May be pronounced /x/ as a spelling pronunciation.
j	everywhere	[ʒ]	ja "yes, (positive emphasis)"
	utterance-final	[ʃ]	haj "Hajj"
k	rare; only occurs in a few loanwords and sensational spellings	[k]	kilogram "kilogram"	Can generally be replaced with c or qu.
l	everywhere	[l]	lag "lake"
ll	everywhere	[ʎ]	all "all"
l•l	everywhere	[lː]	il•logical "illogical"
m	everywhere except word-finally	[m]	mesa "table"
	word-final	[n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect)	Adam "Adam"
n	everywhere but before other consonants and word-finally	[n]	nad "net"
	before other consonants	[m]; [ɱ]; [n]; [n̪]; [ɲ]; [ŋ]	anguo "narrow, distressing"	Assimilates to the following consonant’s place of articulation.
	word-finally	[n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect)	con "family, tribe"
nn	everywhere	[ɲ]	cenno "cheek, jaw"
n•n	everywhere	[nː]	in•novaçón "innovation"
p	everywhere	[p]	pèda "shirt"
	in the consonant cluster ⟨pt⟩	[β̞] or [ɸ̞]	baptista "baptist"
q	everywhere	[k]	Qátar "Qatar"	In loanwords.
qu	before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩	[k]	quen "woman"
	elsewhere	[kw]	quart "quarter"
qü	only occurs before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩	[kw]	qüestón "question"
r	word-initial, morpheme-initial, or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, or ⟨z⟩; in emphatic speech may also be used instead of [ɾ] in syllable-final (especially before ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨t⟩, or ⟨d⟩) and word-final positions (before pause or consonant-initial words only)	[r]	rat "rat"
	elsewhere	[ɾ]	xèro "sword"
rr	only occurs between vowels	[r]	carro "cart"
s	word-initial, morpheme initial, before a voiceless consonant, or utterance-final	[s]	sono "son"
	everywhere else	[z]	mesa "table"
ss	only occurs between vowels	[s]	passon "to pass"
sc	before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩	[ʃ]	esceldo "shield"
	elsewhere else	[sk]	escura "tornado, windstorm"
t	everywhere	[t̪]	tu "you"
	before voiced consonants	[ð̞]	atmósfera "atmosphere"
v	everywhere	[v]	vend "wind"
w	in loanwords	[v]	wolfram "tungsten"
x	everywhere	[ʃ]	oxa "ox"
	in loanwords	[ks]	examen "exam"	In words of Latin or Greek origin; may be replaced with ⟨cs⟩ or ⟨s⟩ (with the associated pronunciation change).
y	everywhere except when acting as a vowel	[j]	yac "yak"
z	utterance-final or before a voiceless consonant	[s] or [θ] (depending on the dialect)	alcaduz "bucket"
	everywhere else	[z] or [ð] (depending on the dialect)	dioza "beast"

Vowels

Monophthong Vowels

Letter	IPA	Examples	Remarks
a, á	[ä]	gat "cat", sultán "sulta"
è	[ɛ]	gèst "ghost, spirit"	Always stressed.
e, é	[e]	mesa "table"
i, í	[i]	rig "king", fría "free (f.)"
o, ó	[o]	ora "hour, time", qüestón "question"
ò	[o]	òra "ear"	Always stressed.
u	[u]	escura "windstorm", atún "tuna"

Vowel letters in diphthongs

Letter		IPA	Examples	Remarks
In rising diphthongs
i	⟨i⟩ before a vowel	[j]	dioza "beast"
u	⟨u⟩ before a vowel (but silent in ⟨qu⟩ and ⟨gu⟩ before an ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩)	[w]	hua "what"
ü	⟨ü⟩ before a vowel (only used in ⟨qü⟩ and ⟨gü⟩ before an ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩)	[w]	qüestón "question"
y	⟨y⟩ after a vowel	[j]	ley "law"	Almost always word-final.
u	⟨u⟩ after a vowel	[w]	autobús "bus"

Notes:

1. ⟨iu⟩ and ⟨ui⟩ are ambiguous, since they may either be used for rising diphthongs (/ju/ and /wi/ respectively) or falling diphthongs (/iw/ and /uj/ respectively). In most cases, they represent rising diphthongs unless followed by ⟨t⟩.

Stress

Stress in a word can be determined from the way it is written via the following rules:

• If there is any vowel with an accent, that vowel is stressed.
• If there is no vowel with an accent:
  • The penultimate vowel is stressed if the word ends in a vowel, vowel + -n, or vowel + -s.
  • The ultimate vowel is stressed if the word ends in any consonant other than -n or -s.
• Note that:
  • Diphthongs are always treated as one syllable.
  • iV and uV (where V represents any vowel other than i or u) are treated as diphthongs, and therefore count as one syllable.
    • The exception to this is if the i or u has an accent.
  • Final -y shifts the stress to the final syllable.

Morphology

Articles

Definite Article

Gemendic definite article

	Singular	Plural
Masculine	de, d' (before vowels)	des
Feminine	da, d' (before a)	dos

Notes:

1. The definite article precedes the noun it modifies.

Indefinite Article

Gemendic indefinite article

	Singular	Plural
Masculine	èn	ènes
Feminine	èna	ènos

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Gemendic personal pronouns

Person, Number, Formality, Gender				Independent				Clitic
				Subject	Object	Reflexive Object	Possessive	Direct object	Reflexive DO	Indirect object	Reflexive IO	Possessive
1st	Singular			e	mi		min/mines, mina/minos	me, m'1		mes		me(n)2/mes, ma(n)2/mos
	Plural		Masculine	vos; vosandres			vostre/vostres, vostra/vostros	vos				–
			Feminine	vos; vosandros
2nd	Singular	Informal		tu	ti		tin/tines, tina/tinos	te, t'1		tes		te(n)2/tes, ta(n)2/tos
		Formal	Masculine	jeste		si	sin/sines, sina/sinos	ne, n'1	nes	se, s'1	ses	se(n)2/ses, sa(n)2/sos
			Feminine					na, n'3
	Plural	Informal	Masculine	jes; jesandres			jestre/jestres, jestra/jestros	jes				–
			Feminine	jes; jesandros
		Formal	Masculine	jestes		si	sin/sines, sina/sinos	nes	nes	se, s'1	ses	se(n)2/ses, sa(n)2/sos
			Feminine					nos
3rd	Singular		Masculine	es				ne, n'1
			Feminine	essa				na, n'3
	Plural		Masculine	esses				nes
			Feminine	essos				nos
Impersonal				man				ne, n'1

Notes:

¹ Preverbal before vowel.

² -n is appended to the singular clitic possessives when the following word begins in a vowel.

³ Preverbal before a.

Note that post-verbal clitic pronouns are always separated from the verb with a hyphen. When a verb has multiple clitic object pronouns, they combine in the following order: reflexive OP + indirect OP + direct OP + adverbial OP (see below).

Nouns

Number

Singular nouns are pluralized with the ending -s (after a vowel) or -es (after a consonant).

Nouns ending in -a form their plural in -es (if masculine) or -os (if feminine) instead of the expected *-as.

Adjectives

Agreement

Adjectives usually end in a consonant, -e, or -o in the masculine singular. They generally form their feminine in -a, masculine plural in -es, and feminine plural in -os.

Adjectives ending in a stressed -o or -e do not drop it when other endings are added. For example, go "good" becomes goa in the feminine singular.

Adjectives whose masculine singular ends in -a form their feminine in -o and plural in -es (masculine) and -os (feminine).

Comparatives

The comparative of an adjective is formed by placing mès "more" or menns "less" before the adjective for positive and negative comparatives respectively.

Some adjectives have irregular comparatives. These include:

• go "good" → baiza, yossa "better"
• oble "bad" → versa "worse"
• mane "much, many" → mèza, maneza "more"
• fò "few, little" → mennza, foza "less, fewer"
• megle "big, great" → mèza "bigger, greater"
• ligle "small, little" → mennza "smaller"
• jong "young" → joza "younger"
• sene "old" → alza "older"

The superlative is formed by placing the definite article before the corresponding comparative.

Absolute Superlatives

The absolute superlative is formed with the suffix -est. Alternatively, it can be formed by placing mèst "very much" before the adjective. The negative counterpart can be formed by placing mennst "hardly" before the adjective

Some adjectives have irregular absolute superlatives. These include:

• go "good" → baist, yost "very good"
• oble "bad" → verst "very bad"
• mane "much, many" → mèst, manest "very much, very many"
• fò "few, little" → mennst, fost "very few, very little"
• melle "big, great" → mèst "very big, very great"
• lille "small, little" → mennst "very small"
• jong "young" → jost "very young"
• sene "old" → alst "very old"

Adverbs

Derivation from adjectives

Adverbs are usually derived from adjectives by adding -o to the stem.

Some adverbs are irregular. These include:

• go "good" → vèla "well"
• mane "much, many"; melle "big, great" → felo "much, greatly, very"

Comparative and Superlative

Comparative, superlatives, and absolute superlatives of adverbs are formed analytically in the same way for adverbs as they are for adjectives.

Some adverbs have irregular comparatives/superlatives and absolute superlatives. These include:

• vèla "well" → bais, yos "better"; baist, yost "very well"
• oblo "badly" → vers "worse"; verst "very badly"
• mello "greatly, very" → mès "greater, more"; mèst "very greatly, very much"
• lillo "to a small extent" → menns "less"; mennst "to a very small extent, hardly"

Numerals

Gemendic numerals

	Cardinal	Ordinal	Fractional
0	zero	zeroda	—
1	èn, èna	fromesta	—
2	tues, tuos	tueda	halve
3	tris	terza	terz
4	fedro	fedroda	quart; fedrod
5	finf	finta	fint
6	seis	sèsta	sèst
7	seven	sevenda	sevend
8	eito	eitoda	eitod
9	nion	nionda	niond
10	tèn	tènda	tènd
11	èlf	elveda	elved
12	tualf	tualveda	tualved
13	terden	terdenda	terdend
14	fedorden	fedordenda	fedordend
15	finten	fintenda	fintend
16	sesten	sestenda	sestend
17	sevenden	sevendenda	sevendend
18	eitoden	eitodenda	eitodend
19	nionden	niondenda	niondend
20	tuestes	tuestesta	tuestest
21	tuestes-èn(a)	tuestes-fromesta	tuestes-fromest
30	tristes	tristesta	tristest
40	fedortes	fedortesta	fedortest
50	fintes	fintesta	fintest
60	sèstes	sestesta	sestest
70	seventes	seventesta	seventest
80	eitotes	eitotesta	eitotest
90	niontes	niontesta	niontest
100	hond	honsta	honst
200	tues-hondes	tues-honsta	tues-honst
1000	tusende	tusensta	tusenst
2000	tuos-tusendes	tuos-tusensta	tuos-tusenst
10⁶	millón	millonsta	millonst
2×10⁶	tuos-millones	tuos-millonsta	tuos-millonst
10⁹	millard	millarsta	millarst
10¹²	billón	billonsta	billonst

Verbs

Note that second person polite forms always take third person verb conjugations

Non-finite forms

Non-finite forms of regular verbs

Form	-en verbs	-on verbs
Infinitive	-en	-on
Past participle¹	-ed/-edes, -eda/-edos	-od/-odes, -oda/-odos
Present participle (Gerundive)	-end	-ond

Notes:

¹ Verbs with regular pasts form their past participle in this way. Verbs with irregular pasts form their past participle in one of two ways:

• With the past stem, or
• With the ending -en-.

Simple tenses

Simple tenses (regular -en verbs)

Person/ Number	Present ind.	Present subj.	Imperfect ind.	Imperfect subj.	Future	Conditional	Imperative
1S	-a	-o	-eda	-edo	-ené	-enía
2S	-es	-es	-edes	-edes	-enás	-eníes	-e
3S	-e	-e	-eda	-ede	-ená	-enía
1P	-emos	-emos	-édemos	-édemos	-enemos	-eníemos
2P	-éis	-éis	-édeis	-édeis	-enéis	-eníeis	-ed
3P	-en	-en	-éden	-éden	-enán	-eníen

Simple indicative tenses (regular -on verbs)

Person/ Number	Present ind.	Present subj.	Imperfect ind.	Imperfect subj.	Future	Conditional	Imperative
1S	-o	-o	-oda	-odo	-oné	-onía
2S	-os	-os	-odes	-odes	-onás	-oníes	-o
3S	-o	-o	-oda	-ode	-oná	-onía
1P	-omos	-omos	-ódemos	-ódemos	-onemos	-oníemos
2P	-óis	-óis	-ódeis	-ódeis	-onéis	-oníeis	-od
3P	-on	-on	-oden	-oden	-onán	-oníen

Compound tenses

Compound tenses are formed with the verb haven "to have" followed by the past participle. They differ from each other according to the tense of the auxiliary verb.

• Non-finite forms:
  • Perfect infinitive: haven + past participle
  • Pluperfect participle: past participle of haven + past participle
  • Perfect gerundive: gerundive of haven + past participle
• Indicative:
  • Present perfect: present of haven + past participle
  • Pluperfect: imperfect of haven + past participle
  • Future perfect: future of haven + past participle
  • Conditional perfect: conditional of haven + past participle
• Subjunctive:
  • Perfect subjunctive: present subjunctive of haven + past participle
  • Pluperfect subjunctive: imperfect subjunctive of haven + past participle
  • Future perfect subjunctive: future subjunctive of haven + past participle

Passive

Formed with the appropriate conjugation of vesen "to be" with the appropriately declined form of the past participle.

Irregular verbs

• Verbs that have an irregular imperfect stem use that stem in the imperfect indicative and subjunctive instead of the expected -ed-/-od- suffix. The endings added to the past stem remain the same (i.e. -a, -es,... in the indicative and -o, -es,... in the subjunctive).
• Verbs that have an irregular imperfect stem may form their past participle in one of two ways depending on how the imperfect stem is derived:
  • If the imperfect is derived from the present stem via a dental suffix (-t-, -d-, or -s-): The past participle is identical to the imperfect stem.
  • If the imperfect is derived from the present stem via a vowel change or otherwise formed without a dental suffix: The past participle is formed from the present stem with the suffix -en-.
  • A few verbs may not follow the above pattern.
• Some verbs have an irregular future stem (i.e. a stem other than the infinitive), usually derived by contraction. In this case, the endings normally added to the infinitive in the future and conditional tenses are instead added to the irregular stem.
• Some verbs have a vowel change in the stem conditioned by stress. Most often, this alternation is between -è- and -e-, or -ò- and -o- (the first of each set occurring when stressed, and the second when unstressed).
• Some verbs whose stem end in -c- or -g- maintain their spelling in all forms with the associated pronunciation changes. Others maintain their pronunciation in all forms with the associated spelling changes.

Some important irregular verbs

The verb vesen "to be"

Non-finite forms of vesen "to be"

Infinitive	vesen
Past participle	vesen/vésenes, vésena/vésenos
Present participle (Gerundive)	vesend

Simple tenses of vesen "to be"

Person/ Number	Present ind.	Present subj.	Imperfect ind.	Imperfect subj.	Future	Conditional	Imperative
1S	ben	sío	vesa	veso	verré	verría
2S	bes	síes	veses	veses	verrás	verríes	ves
3S	es	síe	vesa	vese	verrá	verría
1P	semos	siemos	vésemos	vésemos	verremos	verrríemos
2P	seis	sieis	véseis	véseis	verréis	verríeis	vesed
3P	sen	síen	vesen	vesen	verrán	verríen

The verb haven "to have"

Non-finite forms of haven "to have"

Infinitive	haven
Past participle	hed/hedes, heda/hedos
Present participle (Gerundive)	hend

Simple tenses of haven "to have"

Person/ Number	Present ind.	Present subj.	Imperfect ind.	Imperfect subj.	Future	Conditional	Imperative
1S	he	havo	heda	hedo	hané	hanía
2S	has	haves	hedes	hedes	hanás	haníes	ha
3S	ha	have	heda	hede	haná	hanía
1P	havemos	havemos	hédemos	hédemos	hanemos	haníemos
2P	havéis	havéis	hedeis	hedeis	hanéis	haníeis	haved
3P	han	haven	heden	heden	hanán	haníen

The verb están "to be"

Non-finite forms of están "to be"

Infinitive	están
Past participle	estod/estodes, estoda/estodos
Present participle (Gerundive)	estand

Simple tenses of están "to be"

Person/ Number	Present ind.	Present subj.	Imperfect ind.	Imperfect subj.	Future	Conditional	Imperative
1S	esté	estó	estoda	estodo	estané	estanía
2S	estás	estés	estodes	estodes	estanás	estaníes	está
3S	está	esté	estoda	estode	estaná	estanía
1P	estamos	estemos	estódemos	estódemos	estanemos	estaníemos
2P	estáis	estéis	estodeis	estodeis	estanéis	estaníeis	estad
3P	están	estén	estoden	estoden	estanán	estaníen

The verb gannen "to go"

Non-finite forms of gannen "to go"

Infinitive	gannen
Past participle	gannen/gánnenes, gánnena/gánnenos
Present participle (Gerundive)	gannend

Simple tenses of gannen "to go"

Person/ Number	Present ind.	Present subj.	Imperfect ind.	Imperfect subj.	Future	Conditional	Imperative
1S	gue	ganno	eça	eço	gané	ganía
2S	gas	gannes	eçes	eçes	ganás	ganíes	ga
3S	ga	ganne	eça	eçe	ganá	ganía
1P	gannemos	gannemos	éçemos	éçemos	ganemos	ganíemos
2P	gannéis	gannéis	eçeis	eçeis	ganéis	ganíeis	ganned
3P	gan	gannen	eçen	eçen	ganán	ganíen

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

Alles des vésenes manesques se boren fríes o sambres en vèrde o reites. Esses están escencedes me freça o mevest, o esses escolen se gedrán en èn gèst fan brodrenesse.

IPA: /ˈaʎes ðes ˈvezenes maˈneskes se ˈβoɾen ˈfri.es o ˈsambɾes en ˈvɛɾðe o ˈreites ‖ ˈeses eˈstan eʃenˈtʃeðes me ˈfɾesa o meˈvest | o ˈeses eˈskolen se ʒeˈðɾan en ɛn ʒɛst fan broðɾeˈnese/