Glommish: Difference between revisions
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| | | '''cz''' {{IPA|tʃ}} | ||
| '''kь''' {{IPA|kʲ}}|| '''k''' {{IPA|k}} | | '''kь''' {{IPA|kʲ}}|| '''k''' {{IPA|k}} | ||
| ({{IPA|ʔ}}) | | ({{IPA|ʔ}}) | ||
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|rowspan=2| '''þ''' {{IPA|θ~ð}} | |rowspan=2| '''þ''' {{IPA|θ~ð}} | ||
|rowspan=2| '''þь''' {{IPA|θʲ~ðʲ}} | |rowspan=2| '''þь''' {{IPA|θʲ~ðʲ}} | ||
| ''' | | '''sz''' {{IPA|ʃ}} | ||
| '''chь, hь''' {{IPA|ç}} | | '''chь, hь''' {{IPA|ç}} | ||
| '''ch''' {{IPA|x}} | | '''ch''' {{IPA|x}} | ||
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/ | /tʃ, ʒ, ʃ/ are soft alternants of /k, ɣ, x/ in native {{PAGENAME}}. /kʲ, ts, tsʲ/ are mainly found in foreign loans. | ||
Voiceless stops are unaspirated, as in Dutch. (In New York they are aspirated the same way as in American English.) | Voiceless stops are unaspirated, as in Dutch. (In New York they are aspirated the same way as in American English.) |
Revision as of 13:06, 16 July 2023
Vurdbák (Lexicon)
Swadesh list
Þize síde in glómsьkenь (This page in Glommish)
Diese Seite auf Deutsch
Þe músikegeskapь (Musical system)
Glommish | |
---|---|
þe glómsьk | |
Pronunciation | [/θˠə gɫˠoːmʲsʲk/] |
Created by | IlL |
Setting | Verse:Lõis |
Native speakers | 90 million (2015) |
Indo-European
|
Glommish (natively þe glómsьke rarde [θˠə gɫˠoːmʲsʲkə ɾaːɖə]) is a Germanic language which was historically spoken in parts of Southern Italy and Tunisia but is now mostly spoken by diaspora populations in North America and Brazil. It's classified as West Germanic in-universe, but forms a distinct group from what is called West Germanic in our timeline. Glommish is phonologically the most conservative Germanic language in Lõis and is strikingly similar to our timeline's reconstructed Proto-Germanic. Its speakers are called Gloms (Glóme). Glommish is intended to have a pseudo-Irish and pseudo-Slavic aesthetic.
The majority of today's Glommish speakers are Muslim and also speak Arabic. A minority practice forms of Christianity which were historically common in North Africa.
In-universe German name: Glommisch
Arabic name: al-Ghulūmiyyah
TODO
sources of loans: Latin, Greek, Arabic, English; needs more Arabic loans!
Look at OE/Dutch for more vr- words
Try to express things with Germanic roots, but without calquing
Dutchify the grammar
Simplify some consonant clusters like a few cht's?
Introduce random sound changes in the evolution of Glommish, e.g.
- PWGmc *gardaz -> gerdaz -> żard
Should be a koiné (some "Low Glommish" dialects can have PIE dh/vernerized t -> z which shows up in some words)
Weird vowel mixups (eh2 -> ó instead of á in a few words)
History
A somewhat controversial Simon Stevin-like figure who reformed the language, by essentially creating and promoting his own dialect of Glommish (which eventually turned into modern American Glommish dialects) -- he was a scholar of Germanic philology and invented coinages based on Old English and Old Dutch; he also published a dictionary of the ancient Langobardic language
Orthography
Native script
Glommish today uses an alphabetic writing system inspired by the Arabic script, written from right to left but with a Latin aesthetic. It was devised by Andrie Hóchenhym.
There was a traditional Roman orthography which was historically used in Italy; spelling was very unsystematic and there were sometimes many different glyphs for the same sound (for instance, at least five different glyphs are attested for þ), and vice versa (e.g. final -i mostly denoted both palatalization and -ie, but -ie was sometimes written -ii for disambiguation). In North Africa, the most common writing system for Glommish was the Arabic abjad. Today, the latter is used for ceremonial purposes.
Phonology
Glommish phonology is characterized by retroflexion and pairs of hard (unpalatalized) and soft (palatalized) consonants. Palatalization is as strong as in Russian in the traditional pronunciation of Glommish.
Consonants
Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Lateral | Postalveolar | Velar | Glottal | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
hard | soft | hard | soft | hard | soft | soft | hard | ||||
Nasal | m m | mь mʲ | n n̪ | nь nʲ | ng ŋ | ||||||
Stop | voiceless | p p | pь pʲ | t t̪ | tь tʲ | cz tʃ | kь kʲ | k k | (ʔ) | ||
voiced | b b | bь bʲ | d d̪ | dь dʲ | |||||||
Fricative | voiceless | f f | fь fʲ | s s | sь sʲ | þ θ~ð | þь θʲ~ðʲ | sz ʃ | chь, hь ç | ch x | h h |
voiced | v v | vь vʲ | z z | zь zʲ | ż ʒ | g ɣ | |||||
Resonant | r ɾ | rь rʲ | l ɫ | lь lʲ | j j |
/tʃ, ʒ, ʃ/ are soft alternants of /k, ɣ, x/ in native Glommish. /kʲ, ts, tsʲ/ are mainly found in foreign loans.
Voiceless stops are unaspirated, as in Dutch. (In New York they are aspirated the same way as in American English.)
Orthographical notes:
- The ь is replaced with an i when followed by a vowel (the i is pronounced as palatalization).
- The soft sign ь and the palatalizing i soften every consonant in the cluster that precede it by default. (However, consonants do not soften before cz, ż, sz, and velars k, g, ch do not soften.) The hard sign ъ prevents the softening of consonants to the left of the hard sign.
- Notes
- Regressive voicing assimilation occurs in clusters of two or more obstruents, as in Slavic: tiúsdag 'Tuesday' is pronounced as if it were spelled tiúzdag.
- Hard /θ/ is strongly velarized [θˠ~ðˠ]; soft /θʲ/ may be unpalatalized [θ~ð]. The voiced allophones are used when /θʲ/ is not in the onset of a stressed syllable.
- Hard /ɾ/ is generally a retroflex approximant or flap. It retroflexes alveolars that follow it, as in Swedish and Norwegian; when this retroflexion happens, it compensatorily lengthens the preceding vowel.
- Soft /rʲ/ may be [r̝] like Czech ř. The Czech-ř pronunciation predominates in Connecticut and is often known as þe konetekatske żírь 'the Connecticut buzz'.
- For younger speakers of Glommish in New York, the distinction between non-palatalized and palatalized is neutralized in labials and alveolars, except for labials before back vowels where palatalized labials become /Cj/: biar ik [bjaɹ ɪk~bjɛɹ ɪk] 'I carry' vs. bierier þú [bɛɹəɹ ðʊ] 'you carry'. Furthermore, palatalized t d n are pronounced as in Polish ć dź ń, /ʃ ʒ/ are pronoounced as /ʂ ʐ/, and non-palatalized v is pronounced /w/.
Vowels
There are five phonemic vowel qualities with length. y can be considered the non-palatalizing allophone of í.
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
short | long | short | long | short | long | |
Close | i /ɪ/ | í /iː/ | (y /ɨi/) | u /ʊ/ | ú /uː/ | |
Mid | e /ɛ/ | é /eː/ | (e [ə]) | o /ɔ/ | ó /oː/ | |
Open | a /a/ | á /ɑː/ |
Word-initially i and í are pronounced [jɪ] and [jiː].
- Short u lengthens to /u:/ after soft consonants in younger New York Glommish.
- In younger NY Glommish, /a/ is [æ] except after a soft consonant, where it becomes [ɛ] or [jɛ].
Dialects
Different Glommish dialects mainly vary in grammar and vocabulary, and extent of English influence.
- Connecticut Glommish
- New York Glommish
- Younger New York Glommish (not quite an English accent of Glommish, it underwent its own peculiar changes)
- a Glommish-English creole
Morphology
Nouns
Like German, Glommish has 4 cases (kázuse or fále):
- Nominative (nominatív, forfál)
- Accusative (akuzatív, fanfál)
- Dative (datív, famfál)
- Genitive (żenitív, fizfál)
However, nominative and accusative are only distinguished in pronouns. There are two genders (kundien), masculine (mánlik) and feminine (pienlik); the neuter has merged with the masculine.
- The dative plural always ends in -em.
- The genitive plural always ends in -en.
- For the masculine genitive singular, -es is used if the final consonant is t, d, s, z, þ or their soft counterparts. Otherwise -s is used.
- Nouns with a -n plural are almost always either feminine or -n-stem masculine.
Articles
Glommish uses the indefinite article a and the definite article þe. Due to historical Arabic influence, Glommish uses the definite article the same way Arabic does: nonspecific nouns take the definite article, unlike in English.
- Mir davienь þá amblen 'I like almonds (in general)'
- Ik ví amblen 'I want almonds (specific indefinite plural noun)'
- Ik ví þá amblen 'I want the almonds (specific definite)'
case | singular | plural | |
---|---|---|---|
m. | f. | ||
nom. | þe | þá | þá |
dat. | þem | þier; þím (inanimate, Connecticut dialectal) | þím |
gen. | þes | þier | þier |
case | singular | |
---|---|---|
m. | f. | |
nom. | a, an, 'n | ne |
dat. | nem | ner; nem (inanimate, Connecticut dialectal) |
gen. | nes | ner |
Before vowels and not after vowels, an is used instead of a. After vowels, 'n is used.
case | singular | plural | |
---|---|---|---|
m. | f. | ||
nom. | þiz | þize | þize |
dat. | þizem | þizer; þizem (inanimate, Connecticut dialectal) | þizem |
gen. | þizes | þizer | þizer |
Declined likewise are:
- jín 'that'
- ál 'all'
- ylьk 'one's respective'
- the possessive determiners mín; þín; is; jar; unsier, unsь-; úrer, úr-; jar; sín
Masculine consonant nouns
The genitive plural -n was generalized from masculine n-stem nouns.
vulf (m.) 'wolf' | ||
---|---|---|
Case | Singular | Plural |
Nominative | þe vulf | þá vulfe |
Dative | þem vulfie | þím vulfem |
Genitive | þes vulfs | þier vulfen |
bazь (m.) 'berry' | ||
---|---|---|
Case | Singular | Plural |
Nominative | þe bazь | þá bazie |
Dative | þem bazie | þím baziem |
Genitive | þes bazies | þier bazien |
sun (m.) 'son' | ||
---|---|---|
Case | Singular | Plural |
Nominative | þe sun | þá sunie |
Dative | þem sunie | þím suniem |
Genitive | þes suns | þier sunien |
n-stems
Declined like attributive adjectives. These nouns are masculine, except for nominalized feminine adjectives.
name (m.) 'name' | ||
---|---|---|
Case | Singular | Plural |
Nominative | þe name | þá namen |
Dative | þem namenь | þím namem |
Genitive | þes namenь | þier namen |
Also: andie 'end', ave 'river', biare 'bear', fytie 'wheat', hiarte 'heart', knave 'servant', mage 'throat', óge 'eye', óre 'ear', szúe 'sky', ukse 'ox', yriene 'copper'. [ave can also be declined like a feminine noun.]
Arabic nisba names and some Latin and Greek -ō names become n-stems, like Elь-Ferábí, Elь-Ferábíenь and Apóle, Apólenь.
Feminine nouns
Nouns of this declension type are always feminine in modern Glommish. Nouns with certain suffixes like -eng (deverbal noun) or -hyd (abstract noun) and loanwords that were feminine in the source language also belong in this class.
naze (f.) 'nose' | ||
---|---|---|
Case | Singular | Plural |
Nominative | þá naze | þá nazen |
Dative | þier naze | þím nazem |
Genitive | þier naze | þier nazen |
miark (f.) 'girl' | ||
---|---|---|
Case | Singular | Plural |
Nominative | þá miark | þá miarken |
Dative | þier miark | þím miarkem |
Genitive | þier miark | þier miarken |
óre (f.) 'clock' | ||
---|---|---|
Case | Singular | Plural |
Nominative | þá óre | þá óren |
Dative | þier óre | þím órem |
Genitive | þier óre | þier óren |
Note: not to be confused with the masculine n-stem noun þe óre 'ear'.
starcze (f.) 'strength, starch' | ||
---|---|---|
Case | Singular | Plural |
Nominative | þá starcze | þá starczen |
Dative | þier starcze | þím starczem |
Genitive | þier starcze | þier starczen |
útriakneng (f.) 'bottom line, result' | ||
---|---|---|
Case | Singular | Plural |
Nominative | þá útriakneng | þá útriaknengen |
Dative | þier útriakneng | þím útriaknengem |
Genitive | þier útriakneng | þier útriaknengen |
hond (f.) 'hand' | ||
---|---|---|
Case | Singular | Plural |
Nominative | þá hond | þá hondien |
Dative | þier hond | þím hondiem |
Genitive | þier hond | þier hondien |
Grab bag
mánsьk (m.) 'human' | ||
---|---|---|
Case | Singular | Plural |
Nominative | þe mánsьk | þá liúdie |
Dative | þem mánsьkenь | þím liúdiem |
Genitive | þes mánsьkenь | þier liúdien |
mán (m.) 'man' | ||
---|---|---|
Case | Singular | Plural |
Nominative | þe mán | þá mánier |
Dative | þem mánie | þím mánem |
Genitive | þes máns | þier mánen |
r-stem: fadier (m.) 'father' | ||
---|---|---|
Case | Singular | Plural |
Nominative | þe fadier | þá fadrie |
Dative | þem fadrie | þím fadriem |
Genitive | þes fadiers | þier fadrien |
Also: bráþier 'brother'.
r-stem: mádier (f.) 'mother' | ||
---|---|---|
Case | Singular | Plural |
Nominative | þá mádier | þá mádrien |
Dative | þier mádier | þím mádriem |
Genitive | þier mádier | þier mádrien |
Also: sviestier 'sister', duchtier 'daughter'.
Adjectives
Declension
Predicative adjectives use the bare stem.
Glommish retains attributive adjective forms, but has lost the distinction between strong and weak adjectives still extant in German. For attributive adjectives, the following declension is used regardless of gender or definiteness (the following is the declension of hóch 'high, tall'):
case | singular | plural |
---|---|---|
nom. | a/þe hóche mán ne/þá hóche piane |
(þá) hóchen mánier (þá) hóchen pianen |
dat. | nem/þem hóchenь mánie ner/þier hóchenь piane |
(þím) hóchem mánem (þím) hóchem pianem |
gen. | nes/þes hóchenь máns ner/þier hóchenь piane |
(þier) hóchen mánen (þier) hóchen pianen |
Soft-stem adjectives such as skónь 'beautiful' are declined similarly.
case | singular | plural |
---|---|---|
nom. | skónie | skónien |
dat. | skónienь | skóniem |
gen. | skónienь | skónien |
Bare attributive adjectives are sometimes used as nouns.
Degree
The comparative and superlative are formed with the suffixes -ier and -ьst (k, g, ch + -ьst > -czest, -żest, -szest; cz, ż, sz + -ьst > -czest, -żest, -szest; d/t/z/s + -ьst > d/t/z/s + -iest): svát, svátier, svátiest 'sweet, sweeter, sweetest'.
Predicate forms for superlatives are rare: usually þe/þá X-ste is used predicatively. Example: Mín tat isь þe baste = 'My dad is the best'. When used adverbially, superlatives use -ьst.
Other degree words:
svinþ = 'very'
tá = 'too'
jám X als = 'as X as'
X-ier nisь = 'more X than'
þe/þá X-ьste av = 'the most X of'
þe/þá ál-X-ьste or þe/þá X-ьste av álem = 'the most X of all'
miénier X = 'less X'
miénьst X = 'least X'
There are a few irregular adjectives, which are listed in the table below.
Meaning | Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
---|---|---|---|
"good" | gád, vial (adv.) | batier | baste |
"bad" (not "evil") | druk | virsier* | virьste* |
"much, many" | miczel, micz (not declined) | myr (not declined) | myste |
"few, little" | fó (not declined) | miénier (not declined) | miénьste |
Fó is used for both count and non-count nouns; Et finsь fó hupie. 'There is little hope.'
Pronouns
Personal
The 2pl úr is also used as a polite 2nd person pronoun.
The neuter pronoun et survives as a dummy pronoun: þídech riagnedie et 'Today it rained'.
case | 1sg. | 2sg. (familiar) | 3sg. | 1pl. | 2pl. | 3pl. | reflexive | impersonal | interrogative | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m. | f. | |||||||||
nom. | ik | þú | er | sí | bír | úr | sí | - | sum | for |
acc. | mik | þik | jan | í | unsь | ú | í | sik | sumen | fan |
dat. | mir (pronounced mír) | þir (pronounced þír) | jam | jar; ím (inanimate, Connecticut dialectal) | unsь | ú | ím | sir (pronounced sír) | sume | fam |
gen. | mín | þín | jazer | jarer | unsier | úrer | jarer | sín | sín | fizer |
The form bír comes from earlier vír which assimilated to the verb ending -em in inverted constructions: jatem bír 'we eat' < *jatem vír.
The impersonal pronoun sum in the nominative case can be used as the 1st person plural in impersonal speech: Sum gáþ! 'Let's go!' (lit. one goes)
In high register, genitive pronouns can be used as postposed possessive pronouns for indefinite nouns: Ik kánie 'n fríend jazer. 'I know a friend of his.' This is usually Ik kánie 'n fríend av jam.
Possessive pronouns
To form possessive pronouns, "determiner" endings are added to the genitive of the personal pronouns; the stems of unsier and úrer become unsь- and úr- when a suffix is added. The reflexive sín is used to refer to a third person subject in the same clause, while jaz or jar refer to 3rd person subjects other than the subject.
Possessive pronouns in predicative position are the masculine nominative form of the pronoun: Þe siag isь unsier! 'Victory is ours!'
case | singular | plural | |
---|---|---|---|
m. | f. | ||
nom. | mín þín sín jaz jar unsier úrer fiz |
míne þíne síne jaze jare unsie úre fize |
míne þíne síne jaze jare unsie úre fize |
dat. | mínem þínem sínem jazem jarem unsiem úrem fizem |
míner þíner síner jazer jarer unsier úrer fizer |
mínem þínem sínem jazem jarem unsiem úrem fizem |
gen. | míns þíns síns jazes jares unsies úres fizes |
míner þíner síner jazer jarer unsier úrer fizer |
míner þíner síner jazer jarer unsier úrer fizer |
Demonstrative
- þiz = this; jín = that
- þat = (anaphoric) that
- for, fan, fam = who; fiz = whose; fat = what
- fanь = when
- fí = how; sá = like this/that, so, thus
- fár = where; hiér = here; þár = there
- fanьs, hienьs, þanьs = from where, from here, from there
- fidier, hidier, þadier = to where, to here, to there
- fár + preposition = where- + preposition; hiér + preposition = here- + preposition; þár + preposition = there- + preposition
- fárup = why
- filьk = which
- salьk = such; like this, that (attributive)
- ylьk = (one's) respective (cognate with English each)
- Álmán háþ ylьke probliámen. = Everyone has their own problems.
- Sum skál liáten ú biaren riaknes up úrem ylьkem biedrívengem. = Each of you will be held accountable for your own actions.
- ál = all, every
- byþe, byþem, byþer = both
- álþing, álmán = everything, everyone
- kniét, kniétfilьk = some (non-specific); any, arbitrary
- Furь kniét x, finьs et a y, salьk þat... = 'For any x, there exists a y, such that...'
- kniétfat, kniétfor, kniétfár... = something, someone, somewhere (non-specific); anything, anyone, anywhere [< *ik ne wait hwat 'I don't know what' etc.]
- jeþich = some (specific)
- jeþfat, jeþmán, ... = something, someone (specific)
- nýþing, nýmán = nothing, no one
Adpositions
Prepositions taking both the dative and the accusative
When governing the dative, these prepositions indicate location; when governing the accusative they indicate destination.
- afte = after
- án = (high register) on, upon; to, unto
- biefur = before, in front of
- yr = before (temporally)
- at = at, by, next to
- Ik stande at þier stráte. = I'm on the street.
- Ik gá at þá stráte. = I walk towards the street.
- in = in
- in þem > im
- siúþen = after
- uvier = over
- up = on
- út = outside of, out of
Prepositions taking the accusative
- furь = for
- gaszt = towards
- sunder = without
- þruch = through
- um = around
- viþ = against
Prepositions taking the dative
- av = off, from
- bí = of, at, in, also used like German bei to indicate 'at someone's place'
- mid (pronounced mi before þ) = with
- mid þem > mim
- ta = to
- ta + þem, þier > tam, tar
- úter = except
Prepositions taking the genitive
- atstad = instead of
- þiersak = because of
- fíle = during
Verbs
Verbs have undergone some simplifications. For example:
- There is one set of personal endings for both thematic and athematic verbs.
- The present subjunctive only survives in 3rd person imperatives.
- The past subjunctive has disappeared as a distinct form except viárie 'were, would be' and żenie 'would'. Modal verbs often use the past form for the past subjunctive.
Weak verbs
For the past dental suffix -ti- is added if the stem ends in a voiceless consonant (other than t(i) or d(i)); -edi- is added if the stem ends in a t(i) or d(i) or a hard consonant other than k, g, ch; -di- is added otherwise (lióvedie is pronounced lióvъdie, though). Past participles are similar, with -d or -t.
Hard weak
tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
present | lióve | lióver | lióveþ | lióvem | lióveþ | lióvenь |
past | lióvedie | lióvedie | lióvedie | lióvediem | lióvedieþ | lióvedienь |
imperative | - | lióv! / lióve! | lióve er! | lióvem! | lióveþ! | lióvenь sí! |
present participle | lióvend | |||||
past participle | gelióved |
Other examples: maken 'make', lirnen 'learn'
Soft weak
tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
present indicative | varmie | varmier | varmieþ | varmiem | varmieþ | varmienь |
past | varmiedie | varmiedie | varmiedie | varmiediem | varmiedieþ | varmiedienь |
imperative | - | varmь! / varmie! | varmie er! | varmiem! | varmieþ! | varmienь sí! |
present participle | varmiend | |||||
past participle | gevarmied |
Other examples: ámlien 'work'; hórien 'hear'; lyrien 'teach'; sażen 'say'; ertalien 'tell, recount'; ránien 'execute, set into motion'; bránien 'burn (transitive)'; lażen 'lay'; vunszen 'wish'
Some verbs with velar/palatal stems, e.g. brinżen, bráchtie, gebrácht 'bring'; bużen, buchtie, gebucht 'buy'; þanczen, þáchtie, geþácht - 'think' form a small subclass of soft stem thematic verbs.
Strong verbs
non-palatalized/palatalized messed up strong verbs a bit.
Strong class 1
tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
present | bíte | bítier | bítieþ | bítem | bíteþ | bítenь |
past | bit | bit | bit | bitem | biteþ | bitenь |
imperative | - | bítь! / bítie! | bíte er! | bítem! | bíteþ! | bítenь sí! |
present participle | bítend | |||||
past participle | gebiten |
Also: színen, szin, geszinen 'shine', dríven, driv, gedriven 'act', klíven, kliv, gekliven 'stick, cling', smíten, smit, gesmiten 'kill', vríten, vrit, gevriten 'write', vríþen, vriþ, gevriþen 'weave'.
Strong class 2
tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
present | czúze | czúzier | czúzieþ | czúzem | czúzeþ | czúzenь |
past | czór | czór | czór | czórem | czóreþ | czórenь |
imperative | - | czúzь! / czúzie! | czúze er! | czúzem! | czúzeþ! | czúzenь sí! |
present participle | czúzend | |||||
past participle | geczuren |
Also: biúden, biód, gebiuden 'offer, bid', biúgen, bióg, gebiugen 'bow', fliúgen, flióg, gefliugen 'fly', fliún, flió, geflióen 'flee, escape', friúzen, friór, gefriuren 'freeze', liúzen, liór, geliuren 'lose'
Strong class 3
tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
present | binde | bindier | bindieþ | bindem | bindeþ | bindenь |
past | biand | biand | biand | biandem | biandeþ | biandenь |
imperative | - | bindь! / bindie! | binde er! | bindem! | bindeþ! | bindenь sí! |
present participle | bindend | |||||
past participle | gebiunden |
Also: bieżinen, bieżan, bieżunen 'begin'; briénen, brián, gebriónen 'burn (intransitive)'; drinken, driank, gedriunken 'drink'; finden, fiand, gefiunden 'find'; grinden, griand, gegriunden 'grind'; riénen, rián, geriónen 'flow, run'; springen, spriang, gespriungen 'jump, burst, explode'; simben, siamb, gesiumben 'sing'; þrimben, þriamb, geþriumben 'compel'.
Strong class 4
In Glommish, Proto-Germanic class 3b strong verbs have merged with class 4 strong verbs.
tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
present | biare | bierier | bierieþ | biarem | biareþ | biarenь |
past | biár | biár | biár | biárem | biárþ | biárenь |
imperative | - | bierь! / bierie! | biare er! | biarem! | biareþ! | biarenь sí! |
present participle | biarend | |||||
past participle | gebiuren |
Also: gebiaren, gebiár, gebiuren 'give birth', briaken, briák, gebriuken 'break', niamen, niám, geniumen 'take', piamen, piám, gepiumen 'come', driasken, driásk, gedriusken 'thresh', stiarven, stiárv, gestiurven 'long (for)', sviaren, sviár, gesviuren 'swear', viarpen, viárp, geviurpen 'throw', biangen, biáng, gebiungen 'to fear' spriaken, spriák, gespriuken 'to speak'
Strong class 5
Strong class 5 merges completely with strong class 6. The only difference is the softness of the initial consonant.
tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
present | żave | żevier | żevieþ | żavem | żaveþ | żavenь |
past | żáv | żáv | żáv | żávem | żáveþ | żávenь |
imperative | - | żevь! / żevie! | żave er! | żavem! | żaveþ! | żavenь sí! |
present participle | żavend | |||||
past participle | geżaven |
Also: driapen, driáp, gedriapen 'hit', ferżaten, ferżát, ferżaten 'forget', liazen, liáz, geliazen 'read', jaten, ját, gejaten 'eat'. The verb sión, siáv, gesión 'see' is irregular. There are also the j-present verbs bidien, biád, gebiaden 'beg, pray', lieżen, liág, geliagen 'lie'
Strong class 6
tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
present | grave | gravier | gravieþ | gravem | graveþ | gravenь |
past | gráv | gráv | gráv | grávem | gráveþ | grávenь |
imperative | - | gravь! / gravie! | grave er! | gravem! | graveþ! | gravenь sí! |
present participle | gravend | |||||
past participle | gegraven |
Also: slagen, slág, geslagen 'to beat, to hit', standen, stánd, gestanden 'stand', vaksen, váks, gevaksen 'grow', vasken, vásk, gevasken 'wash'.
Strong class 7
halden, hyld, halden - to hold
fálen, fyl, fálen - to fall
liáten, lít, liáten - to let
sliápen, slíp, sliápen - to sleep
biegrán, biegry, biegrán - to become
Other strongs
tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
past subjunctive | - | - | ándie | - | - | ándienь |
This defective verb from Proto-Germanic *unnaną 'to grant' is only used in the past subjunctive, for example in construction Mir ándie... 'I would like...'.
Preterite-present verbs
viten 'to know'
tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
present | vyt | vyt | vyt | vitem | viteþ | vitenь |
past | vistie | vistie | vistie | vistiem | vistieþ | vistienь |
imperative | - | vyt! / vyte! | vite er! | vitem! | viteþ! | vitenь sí! |
present participle | vitend | |||||
past participle | gevist |
kónen 'can, be able to'
tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
present | kán | kán | kán | kónem | kóneþ | kónenь |
past | kóndie | kóndie | kóndie | kóndiem | kóndieþ | kóndienь |
Similarly skólen 'shall' (skóldie 'should'),
þurven 'to have to'
Tempus | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
present | þarv | þarv | þarv | þurvem | þurveþ | þurvenь |
past | þurvdie | þurvdie | þurvdie | þurvdiem | þurvdieþ | þurvdienь |
dóren 'dare'
tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
present | dóre | dórer | dóreþ | dórem | dóreþ | dórenь |
past | durstie | durstie | durstie | durstiem | durstieþ | durstienь |
The present has regularized. The past/conditional tense is still irregular from common use:
- Fí durstie þú... = How dare you...
- Ik durstь yncz erbaren þá anfer. = I wouldn't dare reveal the answer.
mogen 'may, have a possibility of'
tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
present | mag | mag | mag | mogem | mogeþ | mogenь |
subjunctive | moge | moger | moge | mogem | mogeþ | mogenь |
past | mochtie | mochtie | mochtie | mochtiem | mochtieþ | mochtienь |
The subjunctive of mogen can be used for wishes like English may:
- Moge unsier land niamen gevíszt mid burdlózem rícznesem = May our country be blessed with boundless riches
máten 'be permitted to'
tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
present | mát | mát | mát | mátem | máteþ | mátenь |
past | mástie | mástie | mástie | mástiem | mástieþ | mástienь |
vín 'want'
tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
present | ví | ví | ví | vím | víþ | vínь |
past | vildie | vildie | vildie | vildiem | vildieþ | vildienь |
Other irregular verbs
bión 'be'
tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
present | jém | jér | isь | sim | siþ | sinь |
past | vaz | vast | vaz | viárem | viáreþ | viárenь |
past subjunctive | viárie | viárie | viárie | viáriem | viárieþ | viárienь |
imperative | - | bió! | bió er! | bióm! | bióþ! | biónь sí! |
present participle | biónd | |||||
past participle | geviáren |
dán 'do'
tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
present | dá | dár | dáþ | dám | dáþ | dánь |
past | dié | diést | dié | diém | diéþ | diénь |
imperative | - | dá! | dá er! | dám! | dáþ! | dánь sí! |
present participle | dánd | |||||
past participle | gedán |
gán 'go, (future tense auxiliary)'
tense | ik | þú | er/sí | bír | úr | sí |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
present | gá | gár | gáþ | gám | gáþ | gánь |
past indicative | żang | żang | żang | żangem | żangeþ | żangenь |
past subjunctive1 | żenie | żenie | żenie | żeniem | żenieþ | żenienь |
imperative | - | gá! | gá er! | gám! | gáþ! | gánь sí! |
present participle | gánd | |||||
past participle | geżangen |
1 Grammaticalized as a counterfactual marker.
Also: fán, fiang, gefiangen - to get, to obtain
Syntax
Glommish word order is V2 but is more similar to Icelandic than German. German-style SOV is considered poetic.
- Fanь ik jém mór, ví ik biegrán ne lyriernie.
- When I grow up, I want to become a teacher.
- (German: Wenn ich groß bin, will ich Lehrerin werden.)
Pronoun objects precede infinitives; nominal objects follow them.
- Sí kán fádien þe map. / Sí kán jan fádien.
- She can feed the boy. / She can feed him.
- (German: Sie kann den Jungen ernähren. / Sie kann ihn ernähren.)
Dative pronouns bind more tightly to ditransitive verbs than accusative pronouns:
- Ik [[żave jam] jan]. / Ik kán [jan [jam żaven]]. / Ik kán [[jam żaven] þe kempiúter].
- I'm giving it to him. / I can give it to him. / I can give him the computer.
- (German: Ich gebe ihn ihm. / Ich kann ihn ihm geben. / Ich kann ihm den Computer geben.)
In modern Glommish, phrasal verbs are always separated, except in derived agent and verbal nouns. Colloquial Glommish does so even in agent and verbal nouns derived with -erь and -eng, using the borrowed English construction VERB-erь/-eng PREP-erь/-eng (cf. English fixer-upper). Only the second suffix takes declension inflection.
- húżen út
- 'to express'
- úthúżeng
- 'expression'
- húżeng-úteng
- (colloquial) 'expressing'
Negation
The negative particle is yncz (pronounced /ɪnʃ/ or /ənʃ/) and has the same syntax as nicht in German independent clauses.
- Drincz þe vater yncz, er isь fúl!
- Don't drink the water, it's dirty!
Possession
Usually the genitive is placed after the noun: þá żáve míns fadiers 'my father's gift', but genitive before noun is acceptable too when the noun is definite and animate: míns fadiers żáve.
For "have", in addition to using hán 'to have' like other Germanic languages, one can use an Arabic-influenced construction At mir sinь tvy sunie. "I have two sons."
The construction "et finsь" (there is) can take nominative or accusative objects.
Passive
The passive can be formed by using either piamen 'to come' or niamen 'to take', followed by the past participle of the verb. The two choices of auxiliary are in free variation.
For example, Þe káke piám jaten. or Þe káke niám jaten. means 'The cake was eaten.'
Or, one may use the impersonal pronoun sum as the subject. This is used when the object is behind a preposition and hence the verb cannot be passivized.
Simple tenses
Simple present
The simple present denotes habitual actions or generally true facts, like the English simple present. It can also used for future events.
- Ik biange mik av nadrem.
- I'm afraid of snakes.
Simple past
The simple past is like the English simple past. Except for common short verbs like bión 'to be', hán 'to have' or gán 'to go', and auxiliaries, it's used mostly in New York Glommish, especially by younger speakers.
Imperative
Exactly what it says on the tin.
Compound tenses
Progressive
Progressive tenses denote ongoing actions. An Irish-like construction is used: the auxiliary bión is used (which carries the tense), and the lexical verb becomes at 'at' + infinitive. In formal Glommish, the direct object of the verb takes the genitive.
- Ik jém at jaten þe apel. "I am eating the apple."
- Þe hund vaz at þróten jan. "The dog was threatening him."
- Ik jém þárat. "I'm doing it; I'm on it."
Perfect
The perfect is used like the English perfect; it uses the auxiliary hán + past participle. In modern Glommish there's a tendency to use the perfect where normative Glommish would use the simple past; this is especially true of Connecticut Glommish.
- Ik há gejaten þe apel. "I have eaten the apple"; in Connecticut Glommish also "I ate the apple"
Future
Clauses
Conjunctions
- end = and
- oþ = or
- nierь = but
- þóch = although
- fanь = when
- þá, als (literary) = when
- ydier... oþ... = either... or...
- niádier... nok... = neither... nor...
- þiersak = because
- þat = that (can be used with moge + infinitive (present) or mochtie + infinitive (past) for purpose clauses)
- Ik biesmulte et, þat anþere mogen ferstanden. = 'I'm explaining it so that others may understand.'
- Ik biesmultedie et, þat anþere mochtien ferstanden. = 'I explained it so that others might understand.'
- iv = if (used for conditions that could be true)
- sadь = if (used for counterfactual conditions)
- þánь = then
- nisь = than
- þus = so, thus
- als = as
- viedier X oþ Y = Both X and Y
- sáls = like
- alsá = thus, therefore
Relative clauses
Glommish relative clauses use the relativizer þat, and a resumptive pronoun when the head is in an oblique argument. This resumptive pronoun structure is from Arabic influence.
The þár- words are used for prepositional objects that are inanimates; the personal pronouns are used for animates.
- Þá piane þat ik żáv jar fáde þankedie mir. = 'The woman I gave food to thanked me.' (lit. the woman that I gave her food)
- Or: Þá piane jar ik żáv fáde þankedie mir.
- þe urd þat ik rián þárav or þe urd þárav ik rián = 'the place I ran from'
Indirect speech
Indirect speech matches the tense of the clause it's embedded in, unlike in German and like in English (because Italian). Below, the sentences on the left have the same meaning as their corresponding sentences on the right.
Direct speech
|
Indirect speech
|
Inverted "if" clause
Like in German.
Exclamatory inversion
- Brá, isь aldyrьsk ogel!
- Boy, is Old Irish complicated!
Numbers
0-10: nól, yn, tvy, þrí, fiór, finf, siaks, siém, acht, nión, tién /no:l, ɨːn, tvɨː, θʲrʲiː, fʲoːr, fʲɪnf, sʲaks, sʲe:m, axt, nʲoːn, tʲeːn/
11-19: ylьf, tvalьf, þrítién, fiórъtién, finfъtién, siaksъtién, siefъtién, achtién, nióntién /ɨːlʲɪf, tvalʲɪf, θʲrʲiːtʲeːn, fʲoːrtʲeːn, fʲɪnftʲeːn, sʲakstʲeːn, sʲɛftʲeːn, axtʲeːn, nʲoːnʲtʲeːn/
20-90: tvyntich, þrítich, ... achtich, nióntich /tvɨːnʲtʲɪx, etc./
21, 22, ...: yn-án-tvyntich, tvy-án-tvyntich, ...
100: hunderþ /hʊndərθ/
Ordinal numbers are formed with -te or -þe (weak declension): nólþe, yrste, tvyþe, þridie, fiórþe, finfþe, ...
When they do not modify nouns, plural numerals tvy, þrí, fiór, ... have genitive forms tvyer, þríer, fiórer, ..., and dative forms tvym, þríem, fiórem, ....
This is how numerals modify plural nouns:
- Nominative: tvy þinge 'two things'; þá tvy þinge 'the two things'
- Dative: tvy þingem; tvym þingem (formal); þím tvy þingem
- Genitive: tvyer þingen; þier tvy þingen
Vocabulary
A sentence made entirely of Celtic vocabulary (except function words and derivational affixes):
Þe ódiche map isь at ferbytren þe móre ave. = The terrible boy is traversing the big river.
Derivational morphology
- -ъ- is often used in compound words.
- bie-: "be-", forms applicatives
- -bier: '-able'
- -czen (m): diminutive
- þe kotczen 'kitten' < þe kot 'cat'
- -dám (m): "-dom"
- kuniengdám = kingdom
- þe júdendám = Judaism
- end-: 'de-, dis-'
- endyren: 'dishonor'
- er-: telic
- fer-: "for-"
- fur-: "fore-"
- -fól: "-ful"
- fóliefól: "complete" < fólie 'fullness; fill'
- ge-: intensifies a verb or derives an adverb; collective nouns
- A false example: geliór ('galore', from Irish go leor)
- -hyd /-iːd/: -ness, -hood
- sialvhyd: 'identity'
- -ich: "-y"; forms adjectives of the form '[adj]-[noun]ed'
- ynóżich: 'one-eyed' < yn 'one' + óge 'eye'
- kaldhiertich: 'coldhearted'
- -iel: forms nouns
- þe lapiel: 'spoon'
- þe katiel: 'kettle'
- -izen: "-ize", from PGmc -isōną
- -elen: "-le", German -eln (frequentative verbs)
- -lóz: "-less"
- andielóz: 'endless' < þe andie 'end'
- -ling (m): "-ling"
- -lik: "-ly"; forms adjectives from noun
- dażlik 'daily' < þe dag 'day'
- vurdlik 'literal' < þe vurd 'word'
- mis-: "mis-"
- misdiád: "misdeed, misdemeanor"
- -nes (f; pl. -nesen): forms nouns from verbs
- -nie: feminine suffix
- þá lyriernie 'teacher (female)' < þe lyrierь 'teacher'
- þá fuksnie 'vixen' < þe fuks 'fox'
- sam-: equi-, con-, together
- -sam: "-some"
- ynsam 'lonely' < yn 'one'
- gefiársam 'dangerous' < þá gefiár 'danger'
- vysam 'woeful' < þe vy 'woe'
- -sk: "-ish"
- -skapie: "-ship", forms collective nouns for groups of people
- simbskapie = chorus
- tier-: German zer-
- -tórь, -tórnie (from Italian -tore)
- kompozitórь 'composer'
- tví-: "twi-"
- un-: "un-" (negation or opposite)
- þá unróe 'unrest, unease'
- ur-
- þe urdylь 'decision' < dylь 'part'
- -eng/-ieng: forms nouns from verbs
- þá sriáleng 'radiation' < sriálen 'shine, radiate'
- þá hytieng 'heating' < hytien 'to heat'
- -eríe = -ery, -erei
Phrasebook
- Czáv! = hello, goodbye
- Czáv þir! (informal AND to one person)
- Czáv ú! (formal OR to more than one person)
- Gáde murgen/dag/jévend/nachtь! = 'Good morning/afternoon/evening/night!'
- Vilьpiumen! = 'Welcome!'
- ón et ú (formal OR to more than one person) / ón et þir (informal AND to one person) = 'please' (lit. may it please you/if it pleases you)
- Þank! = 'Thank you!'
- Rió isь mir. = 'I'm sorry.'
- Rió'sь. = 'Sorry.'
- Fí hyteþ úr? = 'What is your name?'
- Ik hyte ... = 'My name is ...'
- Fanьs piemier þú? / Fanьs piameþ úr? = 'Where are you from?'
- Ik piame av... = 'I'm from ...'
- Anglandie. = 'England'.
- Glómsьklandie. = 'Thedeland.'
- Yrielandie. = 'Ireland.'
- Kamberlandie. = 'Wales.'
- Sprieczer þú / Spriakeþ úr ... = 'Do you speak ...'
- ... angelьsk? = '... English?'
- ... irmienьsk? = '... German?'
- ... niþerlandьsk? = '... Dutch?'
- ... itálьsk? = '... Italian?'
- ... griéczk? = '... Greek?'
- ... árebьsk? = '... Arabic?'
- ... tamierьsk? = '... Tamil?'
- Já. = 'Yes.'
- Já, þú mát / úr máteþ. = 'Yes, you may.'
- Ny. = 'No.'
- Ik spriake glómsьk yncz. = 'I can't speak Glómsьk.'
- Mát ik ú þúten? = 'May I address you informally (i.e. using þú)?'
- Isь þat sanþ? = 'Is that true?'
- Mir davieþ/davenь... = 'I like... (a thing)'
- Ik há (person) lióv = 'I like (person)'
- Ándie þir / ú... / Ándienь þir / ú... = 'Would you like...'
- Mir ándie... / mir ándienь... = 'I would like...'
- Mir ándie 'n glás vatie, ónetú. = 'I would like a glass of water, please.'
- ... 'n dylь bród. 'a slice of bread.'
- Míne hond isь in varmenь vatrie. = My hand is in warm water.
- Mín stiúl isь in míner hond. = My pen is in my hand.
- mín druchtien/míne fróje = sir/miss (polite way to address strangers)
- Ik lióve þik. = I love you.
- Mát ik þik kusien? = Can I kiss you?
Names
TODO: P-Celtic, Greek, Hebrew, Latin, and Arabic names; Anglicized Glommish surnames
- Biarhard (m.) ("bear-hard"; ~ Bernard)
- Gardie (f.) (~ Gerðr)
- Gyr- ("spear")
- Gyrhard (~ Gerhard)
- Gyrnod (~ Gernot)
- Gyrъhildь (~ Gerhilde)
- Hazel /hazəɫ/ (f.) ("hazel")
- Hildie /çɪlʲdʲə/, -hildь (f.) (< hildiz "battle")
- Kól (m.) (From a Celtic word for "hazel"; Anglicized as Cole)
- Machtildь (f.) ("mighty in battle"; ~ Matilda, Mechthild)
- Onlyv (m.) (~ Olaf)
- Priten (m.) (~ Brittany)
- Sanþie /ˈsanθʲə/ (f.) ("truth")
- Siag- ("victory")
- Siagfriuþ, Siaghildь, ...
- Svyn /svɨːn/ (m.) (*swainaz "servant"; ~ Sveinn/Sven)
- Þuner (m.) (*Þunraz)
- Váden /vaːdən/ (m.) (~ Odin)
- Vulf /vʊɫəf/ (m.)
- Ibrym (~ Ibrahim)
Days of the week
- miándag = Monday
- tiúsdag = Tuesday
- vánsdag = Wednesday
- þórsdag = Thursday
- frídag = Friday
- sabsdag = Saturday
- sóndag = Sunday
Elements
Elements are masculine.
- vaterstuf = hydrogen
- heli = helium
- liþi = lithium
- beriuli = Be
- bóre = boron
- kólstuf = carbon
- palьstuf = nitrogen
- súrstuf = oxygen
- fluóri = fluorine
- neë = neon
- natri = sodium
- magnézi = magnesium
- alumini = aluminium
- samdstuf = silicon
- liúchtiestuf = phosphorus
- sviál = sulfur
- chlóri = chlorine
- arge = argon
- yriene = copper
- siulver/silver = silver
- tin = tin
- fítgulþ = platinum
- gulþ = gold
- piksiulver/piksilver = mercury (element)
- bliú = lead
Sample texts
Featured language banner
- Þiz rarde vaz ynst gerichtied fur.
- This language was once featured.
- Þank jazer líkamfólhyd, furvichtlikhyd end ferdavlikhyd geczór sum ta richtien jan fur.
- Thanks to its quality (lit. bodyfulness, i.e. concreteness), plausibility (lit. naturalness) and usage features (lit. usefulness), it has been voted as featured.
VENI, VIDI, VICI
- Ik piám, ik só, ik siagdie.
- I came, I saw, I conquered.
UDHR, Article 1
- Álgemynie Útriádeng þier Manьskenriachten
- Útgliþ 1
- Ále liúdie sinь geburen frí end javen án vurþie end ánriachtem. Sí sinь bieżávd mid ferstandie end riachtkánie end þurvenь biedríven yn gaszt niávьste im andenь þier bráþierhyd.
- [ˈɑːɫə ˈlʲu:dʲɪ sʲɪnʲ ɣəˈbʊɹən fʲɾʲiː ən ˈjavən ɑ:n ˈvuɾʲθʲɪ ən ˈɑ:nrʲæxtəm || sʲiː sʲɪnʲ bʲɪˈʒɑːvd mʲɪt fəˈʂtand ən ˈrʲæxtkɑːnʲɪ | ən ˈθˠʊɹvən bʲɪˈdʲɾʲiːvən iːn ɣaʃt ˈnʲɑːfʲstə jɪn ˈandənʲ θʲɪɹ ˈbrɑːθʲɪɹiːd]
- All human beings are free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Schleicher's Fable
Þe száp end þá ruse
A száp þat hádie ny vóle myr siáv ruse: yn at tiúchen a þunge vage, yn at biaren ne móre lost, end yn at snióm biaren a mánsьk. Þe száp sażdie þím rusem: "Þe hiarte isь mir syr, fanь ik sióe a mánsьk at dríven ruse án." Þá ruse sażdienь: "Lusnie, száp, þe hiarte isь unsь syr þiersak þiz hám bír gesióen: a mánsьk, þe druchtien, makeþ sir a varme klyþ út þier szápen vóle, end þe száp háþ niót vóle myr." Als þe száp hóriedie þiz, flióch er þruch þá miédve.
Gettysburg Address
Achtich-sieven járe isь et, after unsьre fadrie gebarenь án þizem jarþedylie a niúe þióde, tiúszt in fríhyd, end ervíszt þier belóvnes þat ále liúdie sinь geskafen javen.
Erlkönig
For rídieþ sá lat þruch nachtь end vind?
Et isь þe fadier mid sínem czindie;
Er háþ þe map vial in þem armie,
Er fateþ jan tróstich, er haldieþ jan varm.
Wer reitet so spät durch Nacht und Wind?
Es ist der Vater mit seinem Kind;
Er hat den Knaben wohl in dem Arm,
Er fasst ihn sicher, er hält ihn warm.