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Proto-Ash: Difference between revisions
→Grammar
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| "burns, feels, consists" | | "burns, feels, consists" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{ash|* | | {{ash|*mik-a{{=}}qa:}} | ||
| "applies fire" | | "applies fire" | ||
| → {{ash|nahga}} (*mi- → *nʲə- → *n-) | | → {{ash|nahga}} (*mi- → *nʲə- → *n-) | ||
| Line 128: | Line 128: | ||
! colspan="2" | Ash | ! colspan="2" | Ash | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{ash|*qa-qa | | {{ash|*qa-qa mik-a{{=}}qa:}} | ||
| "applies fire to another" | | "applies fire to another" | ||
| → {{ash|ảdnahga}} | | → {{ash|ảdnahga}} | ||
| "burns it, scorches it" | | "burns it, scorches it" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{ash|*qa-ta | | {{ash|*qa-ta mik-a{{=}}qa:}} | ||
| "applies fire to oneself" | | "applies fire to oneself" | ||
| → {{ash|ảsnahga}} | | → {{ash|ảsnahga}} | ||
| "is burned, is scorched" | | "is burned, is scorched" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{ash|*qa-ja/-wa | | {{ash|*qa-ja/-wa mik-a{{=}}qa:}} | ||
| "applies fire to this/that one" | | "applies fire to this/that one" | ||
| → {{ash|ảyınahga}} | | → {{ash|ảyınahga}} | ||
| Line 145: | Line 145: | ||
The exact forms of these suffixes are very tentative as they would become very reduced. They might have had any vowel, or none at all. The suffix {{ash|*-ta}} is probably also related to modern Ash's speaker's involvement marker {{ash|-s}} and {{ash|*-wa/-ya}} are quite clearly the same demonstratives as elsewhere. | The exact forms of these suffixes are very tentative as they would become very reduced. They might have had any vowel, or none at all. The suffix {{ash|*-ta}} is probably also related to modern Ash's speaker's involvement marker {{ash|-s}} and {{ash|*-wa/-ya}} are quite clearly the same demonstratives as elsewhere. | ||
==Developments== | |||
Soon after this period of the language, Ash would have started to develop a greater focus on verbs than on nouns. Verbs developed more morphology from auxiliaries and the like while the already phonetically similar case endings collapsed, although remnants can be seen in modern cognates with additional suffixes. | |||
===Inalienable prefix=== | |||
The modern Ash prefix {{ash|ın-}} is a result of rebracketing of the Proto-Ash relational case suffix {{ash|*-n}}. While new constructions developed for locatives in general, this fossilised affix narrowed in meaning to refer only to an inalienable relationship between nouns. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan="2" | Proto-Ash | |||
! colspan="2" | Ash | |||
|- | |||
| {{ash|*wa-n tu({{=}}a:)}} | |||
| "(it is) foot at that one" | |||
| → {{ash|ondoo}} | |||
| "that one's foot" | |||
|} | |||
===Locative verbs=== | |||
Another remnant of the locative suffix is the vowel nasalisation on some of the locative verbs in modern Ash. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan="2" | Proto-Ash | |||
! colspan="2" | Ash | |||
|- | |||
| {{ash|*tja-n{{=}}a:}} | |||
| "is in water" | |||
| → {{ash|sa͠a}} | |||
| "is in water/liquid" | |||
|} | |||
==Diachronics== | |||
Not every affix derives directly from the Proto-Ash period. There are for instance distinct layers of suffixes that show different levels of reduction depending on the timing of their grammaticalisation. Sometimes a single root is responsible for multiple suffixes. | |||
Several important periods in the history of Ash can be used as milestones. An example is the development of the aforementioned {{ash|nahga}}: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! Proto-Ash | |||
! Old Ash | |||
! Middle Ash | |||
! Early Modern Ash | |||
! (Modern) Ash | |||
|- | |||
| {{ash|*mik-a{{=}}qa:}} | |||
| → {{ash|nʲì.ga.ʔá}} | |||
| → {{ash|nək.ʔá}}, {{ash|nəʔ.ká}} | |||
| → {{ash|náh.kə}} | |||
| → {{ash|nahga}} | |||
|} | |||
* Old Ash solidifies stress on last heavy syllable and transforms many consonants through suprasegmentals. | |||
* Middle Ash reduces and elides vowels, yielding near-modern forms but temporarily has a five-vowel system. | |||
* By Early Modern Ash the stress shifts to the root syllable and vowels reduce back to three, resolving schwas to modern qualities. | |||
* Modern Ash reduces some diphthongs from Early Modern Ash to monophthongs but creates new ones by eliding intervocalic consonants. | |||