Grekelin: Difference between revisions

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Line 104: Line 104:
| No || ''u'' || /u/
| No || ''u'' || /u/
|-
|-
| Hello! || ''Jzovorzso!'' (Formal) / ''Gya!'' (Informal) || /'d͡ʒoːβor̩ʐo/ /gʲɑː/
| Hello! || ''Jzoworzso!'' (Formal) / ''Gya!'' (Informal) || /'d͡ʒoːβor̩ʐo/ /ɟʲɑː/
|-
|-
| Good morning! || ''Jo regzetti!'' || /d͡zoː r̩ɛ'ɟkʰɛːti/
| Good morning! || ''Jo regzetti!'' || /d͡ʒoː r̩ɛ'ɟkʰɛːti/
|-
|-
| Good night! || ''Jo niktra!'' || /d͡zoː njk'tr̩ɑː/
| Good night! || ''Jo niktra!'' || /d͡ʒoː njk'tr̩ɑː/
|-
|-
| Have a nice day! || ''Eis jodila sei!'' || /jis 'd͡zoːdjlɑ sjɪ/
| Have a nice day! || ''Eis jodila sei!'' || /jis 'd͡ʒoːdjlɑ si/
|-
|-
| Goodbye! || ''Visontlataszra'' || /visontɭa'tɑːʃr̩a/
| Goodbye! || ''Wisontlataszra'' || /visontɭa'tɑːʃr̩a/
|-
|-
| Thank you! || ''Jzommo!'' || /ˈd͡ʒomo/
| Thank you! || ''Jzommo!'' || /ˈd͡ʒomo/
Line 126: Line 126:
| How? || ''Posz?'' || /ˈpoʃ/
| How? || ''Posz?'' || /ˈpoʃ/
|-
|-
| Why || ''Jzatie?'' || /'d͡ʒjaːʈɛ/
| Why || ''Jzatti?'' || /'d͡ʒati/
|-
|-
| Again || ''Ugra'' || /ʊɣˈrɑː/
| Again || ''Uyra'' || /ujˈrɑ/
|-
|-
| What is your name? || ''Ti enta a noma sei?'' / ''Pos enta a noma sei?'' (Informal) || /tj ɛɳˈta a ˈno.mɑ sɪˑ/
| What is your name? || ''Ti enta a noma sei?'' / ''Posz ˈen.tα a ˈno.ma sei?'' (Informal) || /ti ˈɛnta ɑ ˈno.mɑ si/
|-
|-
| My name is... || ''A noma mei enta ...''' || //
| My name is... || ''A noma mei enta ...''' || /ɑ ˈno.ma mi ˈenˌtα/
|-
|-
| Do you speak English? || ''Relalite eis egzlezikin?'' ||
| Do you speak English? || ''Relalite a egzlezikin?'' || /rɛ.ɫɑˈɫ̩ita ɑ ɛɟkʱˈɫɛ.zikiŋ/
|-
|-
| I do not understand Grekelin. || ''U njoo a gnujza Grekelenikin.'' || /u ɲoː a ˈɡnud͡ʒɑ ɡrɛ.ˈkɛɫɛ.ni.kiŋ/
| I do not understand Grekelin. || ''U njoo a gnujza Grekelenikin.'' || /u ɲoː ɑ ˈɡnud͡ʒɑ ɡrɛˈkɛ.ɫɛnikiŋ/
|-
|-
| Help me! || ''Woittia!'' || /ˈβoj.tʲa̯/
| Help me! || ''Woittya!'' || /ˈvoˈitʲɑ/
|-
|-
| How much is it? || ''Poszo enta?'' || /ˈpoʃo ɛŋˈtɑ/
| How much is it? || ''Poszo enta?'' || /ˈpoʃo ˈɛn.tɑ/
|-
|-
| The study of Grekelin sharpens the mind. || ''Mathkiszi Grekelenikii peia a nu kowtoertta.'' || /'maθkisi ɣr̩ɛkɛlɛːni'kjiː pjɑː α nʊː koβʈoˈɛr̩ta/
| The study of Grekelin sharpens the mind. || ''Mattkiszi a Grekelenikibii peia a nu kowtoerta.'' || /'matkisi grːɛkɛˈlɛ.nikibiː pjɑ α nu kovtoˈɛr.ta/
|-
|-
| Where are you from? || ''Pe ente ejs szy?'' || /pɛː ɛːstɛ ɛːks ʃi̯/
| Where are you from? || ''Pe ente ecs szy?'' || /pɛ ˈɛnte ɛt͡s ʃi/
|}
|}



Revision as of 22:20, 31 August 2023

Grekelin
A gnújza Grekelénikin
Created byAggelos Tselios
Date2023
Native toSlovakia, Hungary, Serbia
EthnicityGreeks
Native speakersapprox. 50-100 thousand (2023) ({{{date}}})
Early forms
Standard form
Standard Grekelin
Dialects
  • Slavic Grekelin
  • Western Grekelin †
Official status
Official language in
Csongrád-Csanád
Regulated byGrekelin Language Administration
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Grekelin (Autoglossonym: A gnujza Grekelenikin, pronounced: /a ˈɡnʊd͡ʒɑ grːɛkɛˈlɛnikin/, lit. "The Grekelin language") is a Hellenic language with strong Hungarian influence. Grekelin split from Medieval Greek around the 12th century with the mass settlement of Hungary by Greek refugees, and has since then split for more than 9 centuries from Greek.

As a related language to Greek, Grekelin shares with Greek multiple features although it remains more conservative than Standard Greek. However the language has become an SOV one (As opposed to most Indo-European languages which are SVO) due to extensive Hungarian influence. It's vocabulary has almost mostly remained Greek however Hungarian words can be found often in the language. Grekelin is the most isolated Hellenic language currently in the entire world, with about 1200 kilometers of language seperation.

Etymology

Grekelin comes from the Old Hungarian word Görög, which means Greek. The suffix -lin comes from Proto-Grekelin "Hellin" which is the ethnonym for the Greeks. Another legend says that Grekelin was a very old Slavic word to describe the Greeks of the Black Sea, during the Kievan Rus times. It appears that the surname Grekelin exists in Ukrainian and Belarusian (Грекелін).

Alphabet and Orthography

The Grekelin alphabet consists of 28 letters, six of which are vowels and 22 are consonants.

Letters of the Grekelin alphabet
Aa (/ɑ/) Bb (/b/) Gg (/ɟ/) Dd (/d/) Ee (/ɛ/) Zz (/z/) Yy (/j/ or palatalization) Ii (/i/) Kk (/k/) Ll (/ɫ/) Mm (/m/) Nn (/n/) Οο (/o/) Pp (/p/) Rr (/rː/) Ss (/s/) Jj (/d͡ʒ/) Tt (/t/) Uu (/u/) Ff (/ɸ/) Hh (/χ/) Ww (/v/)

The letters correspond always to their pronunciation. The Grekelin orthography is considered a phonetic, as opposed to deep orthographies like French's.

(Grekelin recently switched from the Greek to the Latin alphabet. For now consider that it's written with both but the Latin is preferred)

In addition, the following digraphs are used within the language:

Digraphs in Grekelin orthography
Ei (When behind a consonant or ο, it makes the /ji/ sound) Gz (Makes the /ɟkʰ/ sound) Zs (Makes the /ʐ/ sound) Sz (Makes the /ʃ/ sound)

The Grekelin orthography was reformed recently, as part of a larger reform within the conlang. As a result, some texts that preexisted on the internet may not comply with the modern form of the language.

Grammar

The grammar of Grekelin is generally very simple and consistent. It is very conservative compared to Greek (Or dialects of it).

  1. Grekelin has two articles, a and egy. a becomes e (Remnant of Greek genders) if the subject or object ends with -i.
  2. Grekelin has also lost it's grammatical genders, although traces of it still remain in the language. The loss of genders was seen during the shift to Proto-Grekelin, which did not distinguish inflections as much as Greek, leading to gender endings merging together.
  3. Fusional verb inflection for person, number and tense.
  4. Grekelin has 4 cases: Nominative, genitive, accusative and vocative. In the Slavic dialect, another case persists (Although different from the one in Proto-Grekelin), the dative case:
Noun declension in Grekelin
Case Singular Plural
Nominative (A) gnujza (A) kegnujszek
Genitive Gnujzii Kegnujziik
Accusative Ejs gnujza Ejs kegnujzek
Dative Gnujzaduk Kegnujzaduk
Vocative Oh gnujzae Oh kegnujzaek

Geographic Distribution and Demographics

Grekelin today has about 50 thousand speakers, spread out all across Central Europe. Out of them, 28.000 lived in Hungary, another 16.500 live in Serbia or Greece, and 15.500 live in Slovakia or Ukraine (Carpathia). It forms the majority language in villages of North Banat and some spread out parts of Slovakia and Ukraine. It forms a significant language in Hungary and is also spoken in Greece, primarily from learners. Generally, its speakers are considered of Greek descent or natives of the land they live in, adopting Grekelin as their language. The populations of Serbia and Slovakia speak the Slavic dialect whereas the Hungarian and Greek populations speak the Standard dialect.

Stress

Grekelin does not have any rules on the stress placement. The stress may go on any position unless the final vowel is doubled*, where the stress is automatically passed there. The standard Grekelin dialect makes stressed syllables have longer length, a remnant of the Classical Greek vowel length feature. Slavic Grekelin instead makes all the phonemes have the same length.

Doubled vowels are largely extinct in Modern Grekelin, as oo for example would become olo.

Words

Conversation

English (Egzlezikin) Grekelin (Grekelenikin) Pronunciation (IPA)
Yes Ne /nɛ/
No u /u/
Hello! Jzoworzso! (Formal) / Gya! (Informal) /'d͡ʒoːβor̩ʐo/ /ɟʲɑː/
Good morning! Jo regzetti! /d͡ʒoː r̩ɛ'ɟkʰɛːti/
Good night! Jo niktra! /d͡ʒoː njk'tr̩ɑː/
Have a nice day! Eis jodila sei! /jis 'd͡ʒoːdjlɑ si/
Goodbye! Wisontlataszra /visontɭa'tɑːʃr̩a/
Thank you! Jzommo! /ˈd͡ʒomo/
Who? Pkios? /pkjoːs/
What? Ti? /ti/
When? Ponte? /ˈpo.ntɛ/
Where? Pe? /pɛ/
How? Posz? /ˈpoʃ/
Why Jzatti? /'d͡ʒati/
Again Uyra /ujˈrɑ/
What is your name? Ti enta a noma sei? / Posz ˈen.tα a ˈno.ma sei? (Informal) /ti ˈɛnta ɑ ˈno.mɑ si/
My name is... A noma mei enta ...' /ɑ ˈno.ma mi ˈenˌtα/
Do you speak English? Relalite a egzlezikin? /rɛ.ɫɑˈɫ̩ita ɑ ɛɟkʱˈɫɛ.zikiŋ/
I do not understand Grekelin. U njoo a gnujza Grekelenikin. /u ɲoː ɑ ˈɡnud͡ʒɑ ɡrɛˈkɛ.ɫɛnikiŋ/
Help me! Woittya! /ˈvoˈitʲɑ/
How much is it? Poszo enta? /ˈpoʃo ˈɛn.tɑ/
The study of Grekelin sharpens the mind. Mattkiszi a Grekelenikibii peia a nu kowtoerta. /'matkisi grːɛkɛˈlɛ.nikibiː pjɑ α nu kovtoˈɛr.ta/
Where are you from? Pe ente ecs szy? /pɛ ˈɛnte ɛt͡s ʃi/

Dialects

Grekelin has three dialects, depending on where each is or was spoken.

Slavic

The Slavic ("Dialekti Slawin", "/djɑˈɫɛ.kti sɫɑvin/" or "/diaˈɫʲekta sɫɑvʲin/") dialect can be distinguished by some certain features that aren't present in Standard Grekelin:

  • Skipping of the verb "to be" (enta) in the present tense (Dawto esta egy wlemini -> Dawto egy wlemini), if the subject can be assumed.
  • The letter "u" represents the /ɨ/ sound instead of the /u/ one, when unstressed.
  • Borrow of Slavic words instead of using Grekelin ones (A karka -> A sztulla).
  • Preserving the dative case (Eis a mira -> A mirajdu) (NOTE: The dative case fixes the stress on the last syllable, which must be an u).

The Slavic dialect is spoken fluently in the Vojvodina region of Serbia, where it is flourishing as a local language. It is also spoken by a tiny community living in Slovakia.

Urlogrockae

The Urlogrockae ("Urlegrekelin" dialect is the one used as the standard language. It's closer to Hungarian when it comes to phonetics but closer to Greek when it comes to orthography. Key features of this dialect, compared to the Slavic one and mainly to (Medieval) Greek are:

  • Skipping the final vowel in pronounciation, if it's a short one (y or i).
  • "E" does not use the Proto-Grekelin "/eː/" sound but the Urlogrok "/ε/".
  • /k/ has replaced /s/ in many grammatical rules: Greek "Τους λέοντες" vs Grekelin "E keleontek".
  • Higher effect of soft and hard Tsitakismos (/j/, /i/ become /d͡ʒ/, /k/ becomes /t͡s/, etc), similar to multiple Greek dialects.
  • Rarely, voiced consonants become voiceless when unstressed

Western (Extinct)

A more archaic and richer dialect is Western Grekelin. While not as diversified as the Slavic dialect, it remains a very interesting dialect. Some features include:

  1. /o/ becomes /u/ when unstressed
  2. Softening of /s/ and /k/ into /ʃ/ and /x/ respectively
  3. Preservation of the final /s/ (Which was lost in the other dialects) as a softer /ʃ/, except for the plural: Standard /oˈr̩ɑˑnɑ/ (αυράνα) and Western /oˈr̩ɑˑɳoʃ/ (αυράνοs)
  4. Preservation of the dative case (Different from the one in Slavic Grekelin). The dative case of this dialect remains from Attic Greek whereas Slavic Grekelin invented it due to excessive Slavic influence.

This dialect went extinct in the 18th century, being replaced by Standard Grekelin.

Example texts

Basic sentence

English
I would like a coffee and biscuits, thank you.
Grekelin
(Go) tilko egy kave kia kebiszkotek, jzommo.

Lord's prayer

Patri kemek
eis ourana entase
eis agiasy noma sei,
eis repatismy wasiley sei
eis pissi thilkin sei
eis gzea as enta eis ourana.
Dogze kemek a jomi eisdilii
kia bojsasze kearmatek kemek
as kebojsaszomek kemek kedavtek p' kearmatek dimeksz
kia haytasze kemek u eis jsabitasz
ma lytrosze kemek ejs roszzi
Amyn.

Our Father, who art in heaven,
hallowed be thy name;
thy kingdom come,
thy will be done
on earth as it is in heaven.
Give us this day our daily bread,
and forgive us our sins,
as we forgive those who sin against us;
and lead us not into temptation,
but deliver us from evil.
Amen.