Minhast: Difference between revisions

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It is still classified firstly as a discourse particle, and only secondarily as an interjection, because the particle is still highlighting speech-related events. It's more specialized than FU because of the importance of bringing back to the foreground previous statements.

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=== Derivation ===

Minhast relies on NI, often in combination with nominalization, to derive nouns from verbs. Compounding is also used to derive new vocabulary; often this compounding derives from Type I noun incorporation, or a noun phrase that was originally a ''min'' construction, but due to frequent use the ''min'' connective was eroded and additional morphophonetic changes derived a new noun. Combinations of Type I noun incorporation and nominalization also occur. A few examples of the derivational processes that Minhast employs are illustrated as follows:

* Occupation - Nominalization + Type I Noun Incorporation: ''rayy-'' + verb root/complex , e.g. ''raysilapkannaft'' >> ''rayy-silap-gāl=naft'' person-ride.horse- i.e. "horseman" (Horse Speaker dialect);

* Place - NP + NP Compounding: Verb root/complex + ''kian-/kyan/tappe'', e.g. ''gubbattustappe'' >> ''gubbāt-dust-tappe'' >>'' gubbāt-dust min tappe'' make.war-RECIP.ADVERS-location, i.e. "battlefield" (Salmon Speaker dialect)

* Time - NP + NP Compounding: Verb root/complex + ''-ummak'', e.g. ''gubbattustummak'' >> ''gubbāt-dust-ummak'' >> ''gubbāt-dust min ummak'' make.war-RECIP.ADVERS-time.of.doing.something, i.e. "wartime" (Salmon Speaker dialect)

* Instrument: Verb root/complex + noun root, e.g. ''isangarsakua'' >> ''isangar-sakua'' >> make.light.with.flame-drinking.glass, i.e. "light bulb"

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=== Derivational Affixes ===

There is a small set of suffixes that can be attached to a verb root to derive a noun, nevertheless Minhast prefers to nominalize clauses or use NI. The most frequently encountered ones are listed in the following table.

{|

|+ style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" |Derivational Affixes

|- style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ccff"

| style="TEXT-ALIGN: center;width:200px" | '''Affix'''

| style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" | '''Gloss/Meaning'''

|-

| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ffff" | -hupnia

| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99" | instrumental affix

|-

| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ffff" | -šnia,-šn

| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99" | consisting of

|-

| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ffff" | -pniš

| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99" | propensity towards

|-

| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ffff" | -pna

| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99" | abstract affix, "-tude,-ity","-ness"

|-

| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ffff" | -sset

| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99" | temporal affix, "time of"

|-

| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ffff" | -kian

| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99" | locative affix

|-

| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ffff" | -(n)niwak,-nwak

| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99" | occupational affix, "one who engages in an activity"

|-

| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ffff" | -tak

| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99" | intransitive/transitive manner affix, "the manner of engaging in an activity; the manner of being"

|-

| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ffff" | -(a)rat

| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99" | the result of an action or event

|-

| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ffff" | -mbat, -umbat, -numbat

| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99" | similarity of the action/event/state of the verb; also serves as an abstraction affix like "-pna"

|}

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== Morphosyntax ==

@@ Line 1,719: / Line 1,719: @@
 It is still classified firstly as a discourse particle, and only secondarily as an interjection, because the particle is still highlighting speech-related events. It's more specialized than FU because of the importance of bringing back to the foreground previous statements.
 |}
+=== Derivation ===
+Minhast relies on NI, often in combination with nominalization, to derive nouns from verbs.  Compounding is also used to derive new vocabulary; often this compounding derives from Type I noun incorporation, or a noun phrase that was originally a ''min'' construction, but due to frequent use the ''min'' connective was eroded and additional morphophonetic changes derived a new noun.  Combinations of Type I noun incorporation and nominalization also occur.  A few examples of the derivational processes that Minhast employs are illustrated as follows:
+* Occupation - Nominalization + Type I Noun Incorporation:  ''rayy-'' + verb root/complex , e.g. ''raysilapkannaft'' >> ''rayy-silap-gāl=naft'' person-ride.horse- i.e. "horseman" (Horse Speaker dialect);
+* Place - NP + NP Compounding: Verb  root/complex + ''kian-/kyan/tappe'', e.g. ''gubbattustappe'' >> ''gubbāt-dust-tappe'' >>'' gubbāt-dust min tappe'' make.war-RECIP.ADVERS-location, i.e. "battlefield" (Salmon Speaker dialect)
+* Time - NP + NP Compounding: Verb  root/complex +  ''-ummak'', e.g. ''gubbattustummak'' >> ''gubbāt-dust-ummak'' >> ''gubbāt-dust min ummak'' make.war-RECIP.ADVERS-time.of.doing.something, i.e. "wartime" (Salmon Speaker dialect)
+* Instrument: Verb  root/complex + noun root, e.g. ''isangarsakua'' >> ''isangar-sakua'' >> make.light.with.flame-drinking.glass, i.e. "light bulb"
+<!--
+=== Derivational Affixes ===
+There is a small set of suffixes that can be attached to a verb root to derive a noun, nevertheless Minhast prefers to nominalize clauses or use NI.  The most frequently encountered ones are listed in the following table.
+{|
+|+ style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" |Derivational Affixes
+|- style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ccff"
+| style="TEXT-ALIGN: center;width:200px" | '''Affix'''
+| style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" | '''Gloss/Meaning'''
+|-
+| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ffff" | -hupnia
+| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99" | instrumental affix
+|-
+| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ffff" | -šnia,-šn
+| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99" | consisting of
+|-
+| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ffff" | -pniš
+| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99" | propensity towards
+|-
+| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ffff" | -pna
+| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99" | abstract affix, "-tude,-ity","-ness"
+|-
+| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ffff" | -sset
+| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99" | temporal affix, "time of"
+|-
+| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ffff" | -kian
+| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99" | locative affix
+|-
+| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ffff" | -(n)niwak,-nwak
+| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99" | occupational affix, "one who engages in an activity"
+|-
+| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ffff" | -tak
+| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99" | intransitive/transitive manner affix, "the manner of engaging in an activity; the manner of being"
+|-
+| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ffff" | -(a)rat
+| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99" | the result of an action or event
+|-
+| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ffff" | -mbat, -umbat, -numbat
+| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99" | similarity of the action/event/state of the verb; also serves as an abstraction affix like "-pna"
+|}
+-->
 == Morphosyntax ==