Tũka: Difference between revisions
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Tũka has two "modes": the '''agglutinative''' and '''isolating''' mode. | Tũka has two "modes": the '''agglutinative''' and '''isolating''' mode. | ||
===Isolating=== | ===Isolating=== | ||
The isolating mode is the most commonly used mode in Tũka. It is a mode where information such as grammatical number, noun case and/or verb tense are represented by independent particles, like ''i'' or ''ũ''. | The isolating mode is the most commonly used mode in Tũka. It is a mode where information such as grammatical number, noun case and/or verb tense are represented by independent particles, like ''i'' or ''ũ''. By default, most of the information on here(excluding the section on the agglutinative mode) is in isolating mode, including the section on constituent order and grammatical number, as well as noun case and verb tense. | ||
====Agglutinative==== | ====Agglutinative==== | ||
The agglutinative mode is when instead of noun case and verb tense being inferred through preceding particles, such as ''i'' or ''lu'', verb tense and noun case are inferred via suffixes to the verb or noun in question. This is less used than the isolating mode, but it can still be used and is often used to characterise a polite way of talking. Thus, it is often called the equivalent of a "polite register" in Tũka. | The agglutinative mode is when instead of noun case and verb tense being inferred through preceding particles, such as ''i'' or ''lu'', verb tense and noun case are inferred via suffixes to the verb or noun in question. This is less used than the isolating mode, but it can still be used and is often used to characterise a polite way of talking. Thus, it is often called the equivalent of a "polite register" in Tũka. | ||
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| ''-iln'' || ''-ũan'' || ''-pã'' | | ''-iln'' || ''-ũan'' || ''-pã'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Number=== | ===Number=== | ||
Unlike in English, where only sgular and plural declensions exist, Tũka uses three declensions: '''singular''', '''dual''' and '''plural''', in this case "plural" meaning three or more of an item, and all words have to be distinguished by a number particle, such as ''i tũka''("Tũka language"), lit. {{sc|sg}}.{{sc|nom}}, though ''i'' is only in nominative. In accusative, ''u'' is used and in absolutive ''ī'' is used. | Unlike in English, where only sgular and plural declensions exist, Tũka uses three declensions: '''singular''', '''dual''' and '''plural''', in this case "plural" meaning three or more of an item, and all words have to be distinguished by a number particle, such as ''i tũka''("Tũka language"), lit. {{sc|sg}}.{{sc|nom}}, though ''i'' is only in nominative. In accusative, ''u'' is used and in absolutive ''ī'' is used. | ||
Revision as of 18:15, 15 February 2024
| Tũka | |
|---|---|
| Tuica | |
| i tũka | |
| Pronunciation | [i̯ ˈtuj.ka] |
| Created by | Jukethatbox |
| Date | 2024 |
Tũka(/tuːkə/; Tũka: [ˈtuj.ka]), also called Tuica, is an a priori artlang that follows the design principle of "simple sounds, complex grammar". In principle, the language is heavily influenced by Toki Pona, though the orthography is inspired by Polynesian languages and Portuguese.
Phonology
Orthography
Tũka orthography is heavily inspired by Portuguese and the Polynesian languages. Almost all consonants in Tũka are identical to their IPA symbols, except for /ɲ/, which is written ⟨nh⟩, like in Portuguese.
Tilde letters
Like in Portuguese, Tũka has tilde letters(letters with a squiggly line on top, like ⟨Ãã⟩), though their pronunciation is different. In Portuguese(and the IPA), tilde letters represent nasalised vowels, but in Tũka they represent vowels followed by a voiced palatal approximant(/-j/), although ⟨Ĩĩ⟩ represents a vowel preceded by a voiced palatal approximant.
When a voiced alveolar nasal consonant(/n/) is followed by a ⟨ĩ⟩, the diphthong(triphthong?) is written ⟨nhi⟩.
Consonants
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Palatal | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p | t | k | ||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||
| Fricative | h | ||||
| (Lateral) Approximant | l | j |
Vowels
| Short | Long | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Back | Front | Back | |
| Close | i | u | iː | uː |
| Open | a | aː | ||
Prosody
Stress
Tũka uses a prototonic stress pattern.
Phonotactics
Tũka uses what I call Juke's law, which I have used in other languages, like in Kutic and Proto-Tassinean. Essentially, two phonemes of the same consonant category(e.g. plosive, fricative, etc.) can not be directly adjacent to each other, e.g. /tka/ would not be possible, as both /t/ and /k/ are plosives.
Morphology
Syntax
Modes
Tũka has two "modes": the agglutinative and isolating mode.
Isolating
The isolating mode is the most commonly used mode in Tũka. It is a mode where information such as grammatical number, noun case and/or verb tense are represented by independent particles, like i or ũ. By default, most of the information on here(excluding the section on the agglutinative mode) is in isolating mode, including the section on constituent order and grammatical number, as well as noun case and verb tense.
Agglutinative
The agglutinative mode is when instead of noun case and verb tense being inferred through preceding particles, such as i or lu, verb tense and noun case are inferred via suffixes to the verb or noun in question. This is less used than the isolating mode, but it can still be used and is often used to characterise a polite way of talking. Thus, it is often called the equivalent of a "polite register" in Tũka.
Agglutinative nouns and verbs mostly put (what would be) the particle in the isolating mode after the word as a suffix, e.g. in isolating: i lã(I) becomes lãi or simply lã. Additionally, though the normal constituent order does not change from SOV, the constituent order in imperative sentences, which is VSO in isolating mode, becomes SVO in agglutinative mode instead.
The agglutinative mode also includes more noun cases: the dative, genitive and locative.
| Case | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genitive | Dative | Locative | ||
| Number | Singular | -il | -yã | -ĩtu |
| Dual | -inh | -kaho | -kīn | |
| Plural | -iln | -ũan | -pã | |
Number
Unlike in English, where only sgular and plural declensions exist, Tũka uses three declensions: singular, dual and plural, in this case "plural" meaning three or more of an item, and all words have to be distinguished by a number particle, such as i tũka("Tũka language"), lit. sg.nom, though i is only in nominative. In accusative, u is used and in absolutive ī is used.
| Number | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
| Case | ||||
| Nominative | i | ĩ | nhi | |
| Accusative | u | ũ | nu | |
| Absolutive | ī | ã | lu | |
Examples
- I lã ī tũka en sikuĩ.
- sg.nom 1.sg sg.abs Tũka pres speak-1.sg.
- I speak (the) Tũka (language).
- I kão ũ ikli ta panaũi.
- sg.nom dl.acc
Constituent order
Tũka uses an SOV constituent order in most sentences, though the verb comes first(VSO) in imperative sentences, as well as the imperative particle, im, which goes after the verb.