Phrygian (Semitic): Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name = Phrygian | |name = Phrygian | ||
|nativename = <span style="font-family: 'Times';"><big>ƞpɛ́ucɑı</big></span><br> | |nativename = <span style="font-family: 'Times';"><big>ƞpɛ́ucɑı</big></span><br>préxai | ||
|pronunciation = ˈprɛksɛː | |pronunciation = ˈprɛksɛː | ||
|states = Phrygia | |states = Phrygia | ||
| Line 23: | Line 23: | ||
|ancestor4 = Old-Phrygian | |ancestor4 = Old-Phrygian | ||
|ancestor5 = Classical Phrygian | |ancestor5 = Classical Phrygian | ||
|ancestor6 = Smyrna Dialect | |||
}} | }} | ||
'''Phrygian''' (endonym: {{vry-times|ʌ|ɛcɑ́ү ƞpɛ́ucɑı}}, ''Lesán | '''Phrygian''' (endonym: {{vry-times|ʌ|ɛcɑ́ү ƞpɛ́ucɑı}}, ''Lesán préxai'', [lɛˈsaŋ ˈprɛksɛː]), also known as '''Prexian''', is a [[w:Semitic languages|Semitic language]] within the [[w:Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic language family]]. It is spoken mostly in the Principality of Smyrna, and in north- and southwestern [[w:Eretnid dynasty|Eretna]], concentrated in the western half of [[w:Anatolia|Anatolia]]. The standardized form of Phrygian is mainly based on the metropolitan Smyrna Dialect ({{vry-times||ɜíoɛr}} {{vry-times|ᴇ|ɯɛppɑ́}}, ''sjíuet Emerrá''). The name ''Phrygian'' is a misnomer, as the classical [[w:Phrygian language|Phrygian language]], which used to be spoken very near to where the Semitic Phrygian tribes initially settled, is an [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]] closely related to [[w:Greek language|Greek]]. | ||
Classical Phrygian still survives as the liturgical language of the Church of Smyrna, one of the [[w:Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox Churches]]. | Classical Phrygian still survives as the liturgical language of the Church of Smyrna, one of the [[w:Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox Churches]]. | ||
| Line 32: | Line 33: | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
Standard Phrygian has 26 consonant phonemes and 11 vowel phonemes. Some coronal phonemes contrast between plain and velarized consonants. | |||
<div style=display:inline-grid> | <div style=display:inline-grid> | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
| Line 134: | Line 136: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Close vowel|Close]] | ! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Close vowel|Close]] | ||
| i | |||
| | | iː | ||
| u | |||
| uː | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]] | ! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]] | ||
| Line 144: | Line 148: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Open vowel|Open]] | ! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Open vowel|Open]] | ||
| colspan="4" | a | | colspan="4" | a aː<sup>[7]</sup> | ||
|} | |} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
| Line 151: | Line 155: | ||
# /b d ɡ/ may be unconditionally geminated by older speakers such that they do not contrast with /bː dː ɡː/. | # /b d ɡ/ may be unconditionally geminated by older speakers such that they do not contrast with /bː dː ɡː/. | ||
# the phonemic contrast between /tˠ(ː)/ (spelled ⟨<span style="font-family: 'Times'; font-size: 15px;">b</span>⟩) and /tˠː/ (spelled ⟨<span style="font-family: 'Times'; font-size: 15px;">r̃</span>⟩) has largely disappeared among younger speakers, merging both into either /tˠ/ or /tˠː/. Older speakers who still retain the distinction always pronounce /tˠ(ː)/ ⟨<span style="font-family: 'Times'; font-size: 15px;">b</span>⟩ as [tˠ] and /tˠː/ ⟨<span style="font-family: 'Times'; font-size: 15px;">r̃</span>⟩ as [tˠː]. | # the phonemic contrast between /tˠ(ː)/ (spelled ⟨<span style="font-family: 'Times'; font-size: 15px;">b</span>⟩) and /tˠː/ (spelled ⟨<span style="font-family: 'Times'; font-size: 15px;">r̃</span>⟩) has largely disappeared among younger speakers, merging both into either /tˠ/ or /tˠː/. Older speakers who still retain the distinction always pronounce /tˠ(ː)/ ⟨<span style="font-family: 'Times'; font-size: 15px;">b</span>⟩ as [tˠ] and /tˠː/ ⟨<span style="font-family: 'Times'; font-size: 15px;">r̃</span>⟩ as [tˠː]. | ||
# /ɡ/ is allophonically pronounced as [ɟ] near front vowels | # /ɡ/ is allophonically pronounced as [ɟ] near front vowels. | ||
# /e/ is realized as [e̝~ɪ] | # /e/ is realized as [e̝~ɪ]. | ||
# /a aː/ are realized as [ɑ ɑː] near velarized consonants. | |||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
Phrygian uses its own script, aptly named the Phrygian script ({{vry-times||ɑ́ʌɛƞƞɛɜ}} {{vry-times||ƞpɛ́ucɑıɜ}}, ''áleppesj préxaisj''). The Phrygian script is an an [[w:Alphabet|alphabetic]] writing system developed for specifically for the Phrygian language during the Classical Phrygian period mainly from the [[w:Greek alphabet|Greek script]], which it supplanted. It also utilizes some letters of [[w:Aramaic Alphabet|Aramaic]] origin to represent sounds not present in the base Greek alphabet, such as classical /ħ/ ⟨{{vry-times||n}}⟩, /ʕ/ ⟨{{vry-times||v}}⟩, /sˤ/ ⟨{{vry-times||ր}}⟩, and /ʃˤ/ ⟨{{vry-times||ɭ}}⟩. Though ever since its creation, multiple sounds have merged, leaving many redundant etymological letters such as /x/ ⟨{{vry-times||x m n}}⟩, /ɣ/ ⟨{{vry-times||ɼ v}}⟩, and /tˠ/ ⟨{{vry-times||r̃ b}}⟩. | |||
<div style=display:inline-grid> | <div style=display:inline-grid> | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|+ '''Phrygian Alphabet''' | |+ '''Phrygian Alphabet''' | ||
|- style="font-weight:bold; | |- style="font-weight:bold;" | ||
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | Grapheme | |||
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | Sound (IPA) | |||
! Source | ! style="vertical-align:middle;" | Source | ||
! Grapheme | ! Romanization | ||
! Sound (IPA) | ! style="vertical-align:middle;" | Grapheme | ||
! Source | ! style="vertical-align:middle;" | Sound (IPA) | ||
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | Source | |||
! Romanization | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{vry-times|ᴀ|}}, {{vry-times||ɑ}} | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ᴀ|}}, {{vry-times||ɑ}} | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /a/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /a/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Alpha|α]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Alpha|α]] | ||
| {{vry-times|ᴏ|}}, {{vry-times||o}} | | a | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɔ/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ᴏ|}}, {{vry-times||o}} | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɔ/, /f/<sup>[2]</sup> | |||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Omicron|ο]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Omicron|ο]] | ||
| o, f | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{vry-times|ʙ|}}, {{vry-times||ɓ}} | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ʙ|}}, {{vry-times||ɓ}} | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /f/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /f/ | ||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Beta|β]] | | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Beta|β]] | ||
| {{vry-times|ᴘ|}}, {{vry-times||p}} | | f | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ᴘ|}}, {{vry-times||p}} | |||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /r/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /r/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Rho|ρ]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Rho|ρ]] | ||
| r | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{vry-times|ʙ̰|}}, {{vry-times||ɓ̰}} | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ʙ̰|}}, {{vry-times||ɓ̰}} | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /b/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /b/ | ||
| {{vry-times|ᴄ|}}, {{vry-times||c}} | | b | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ᴄ|}}, {{vry-times||c}} | |||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /s/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /s/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Sigma|ϲ]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Sigma|ϲ]] | ||
| s | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{vry-times|г|}}, {{vry-times||ɼ}} | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|г|}}, {{vry-times||ɼ}} | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɣ/, /◌ː/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɣ/, /◌ː/<sup>[1]</sup> | ||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Gamma|γ]] | | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Gamma|γ]] | ||
| {{vry-times|ᴛ|}}, {{vry-times||r}} | | gh | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ᴛ|}}, {{vry-times||r}} | |||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /t/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /t/ | ||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Tau|τ]] | | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Tau|τ]] | ||
| t | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{vry-times|г̰|}}, {{vry-times||ɼ̃}} | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|г̰|}}, {{vry-times||ɼ̃}} | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɡ/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɡ/ | ||
| {{vry-times|ᴛ̰|}}, {{vry-times||r̃}} | | g | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ᴛ̰|}}, {{vry-times||r̃}} | |||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /tˠ/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /tˠ/ | ||
| ț, țț | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{vry-times|s|}}, {{vry-times||s}} | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|s|}}, {{vry-times||s}} | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /d͡ʒ/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /d͡ʒ/ | ||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Delta|δ]] | | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Delta|δ]] | ||
| {{vry-times|ƞ|}}, {{vry-times||ƞ}} | | dj | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ƞ|}}, {{vry-times||ƞ}} | |||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /p/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /p/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Phi|φ]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Phi|φ]] | ||
| p | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{vry-times|s̰|}}, {{vry-times||s̃}} | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|s̰|}}, {{vry-times||s̃}} | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /d/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /d/ | ||
| {{vry-times|x|}}, {{vry-times||x}} | | d | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|x|}}, {{vry-times||x}} | |||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /x/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /x/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Chi|χ]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Chi|χ]] | ||
| ch | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{vry-times|ᴇ|}}, {{vry-times||ɛ}} | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ᴇ|}}, {{vry-times||ɛ}} | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɛ/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɛ/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Epsilon|ε]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Epsilon|ε]] | ||
| {{vry-times|ꝏ|}}, {{vry-times||ꝏ}} | | e | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ꝏ|}}, {{vry-times||ꝏ}} | |||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /u/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /u/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Omega|ω]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Omega|ω]] | ||
| u | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{vry-times|ч|}}, {{vry-times||ɥ}} | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ч|}}, {{vry-times||ɥ}} | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /z/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /z/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Zeta|ζ]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Zeta|ζ]] | ||
| {{vry-times|m|}}, {{vry-times||m}} | | z | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|m|}}, {{vry-times||m}} | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | /x/ | | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | /x/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:He (letter)|𐡄]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:He (letter)|𐡄]] | ||
| rowspan="2" | ch | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{vry-times|ɋ|}}, {{vry-times||q}} | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ɋ|}}, {{vry-times||q}} | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /t͡ʃ/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /t͡ʃ/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Theta|θ]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Theta|θ]] | ||
| {{vry-times|n|}}, {{vry-times||n}} | | tj | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|n|}}, {{vry-times||n}} | |||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Heth|𐡇]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Heth|𐡇]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{vry-times|ɪ|}}, {{vry-times||ı}} | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ɪ|}}, {{vry-times||ı}} | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /i/, /j/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /i/, /j/<sup>[2]</sup> | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Iota|ι]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Iota|ι]] | ||
| {{vry-times|ь|}}, {{vry-times||b}} | | i | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ь|}}, {{vry-times||b}} | |||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /tˠ/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /tˠ/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Teth|𐡈]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Teth|𐡈]] | ||
| ț | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{vry-times|u|}}, {{vry-times||u}} | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|u|}}, {{vry-times||u}} | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /c/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /c/ | ||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Kappa|κ]] | | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Kappa|κ]] | ||
| {{vry-times|ⱻ|}}, {{vry-times||ɜ}} | | k | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ⱻ|}}, {{vry-times||ɜ}} | |||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ʃ/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ʃ/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Samekh|𐡎]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Samekh|𐡎]] | ||
| sj | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{vry-times|ṵ|}}, {{vry-times||ũ}} | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ṵ|}}, {{vry-times||ũ}} | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /k/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /k/ | ||
| {{vry-times|ᴠ|}}, {{vry-times||v}} | | q | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɣ/, /◌ː/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ᴠ|}}, {{vry-times||v}} | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɣ/, /◌ː/<sup>[1]</sup> | |||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Ayin|𐡏]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Ayin|𐡏]] | ||
| gh | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{vry-times|ʌ|}}, {{vry-times||ʌ}} | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ʌ|}}, {{vry-times||ʌ}} | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /l/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /l/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Lambda|λ]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Lambda|λ]] | ||
| {{vry-times|ր|}}, {{vry-times||ր}} | | l | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ր|}}, {{vry-times||ր}} | |||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /sˠ/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /sˠ/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Tsade|𐡑]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Tsade|𐡑]] | ||
| ș | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{vry-times|ᴡ|}}, {{vry-times||ɯ}} | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ᴡ|}}, {{vry-times||ɯ}} | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /m/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /m/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Mu|μ]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Mu|μ]] | ||
| {{vry-times|ʟ|}}, {{vry-times||ɭ}} | | m | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ʟ|}}, {{vry-times||ɭ}} | |||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ʃˠ/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ʃˠ/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Lamedh|𐡋]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Aramaic [[w:Lamedh|𐡋]] | ||
| șj | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{vry-times|ʏ|}}, {{vry-times||ү}} | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ʏ|}}, {{vry-times||ү}} | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /n/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /n/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Nu|ν]] | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek [[w:Nu|ν]] | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | | | n | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times||◌̔}}<sup>[3]</sup> | ||
| | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /h/ | ||
| Greek [[w:Rough breathing|◌̔]] | |||
| h | |||
|} | |} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
| Line 275: | Line 314: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|+ '''Phrygian Alphabet digraphs''' | |+ '''Phrygian Alphabet digraphs''' | ||
|- style="font-weight:bold; | |- style="font-weight:bold;" | ||
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | Grapheme | |||
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | Sound (IPA) | |||
! Source | ! style="vertical-align:middle;" | Source | ||
! Romanization | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{vry-times|ᴀ|ı}}, {{vry-times||ɑı}} | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ᴀ|ı}}, {{vry-times||ɑı}}<sup>[4]</sup> | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɛː/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɛː/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek αι | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek αι | ||
| ai | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{vry-times|ᴀ|o}}, {{vry-times||ɑo}} | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ᴀ|o}}, {{vry-times||ɑo}} | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɔː/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɔː/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle; font-style:italic;" | Innovated during Classical Phrygian | | style="vertical-align:middle; font-style:italic;" | Innovated during Classical Phrygian | ||
| au | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{vry-times|ᴇ|ı}}, {{vry-times||ɛı}} | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ᴇ|ı}}, {{vry-times||ɛı}}<sup>[4]</sup> | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /e/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /e/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek ει | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek ει | ||
| ei | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{vry-times|o|ı}}, {{vry-times||oı}} | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|o|ı}}, {{vry-times||oı}}<sup>[4]</sup> | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /u/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /u/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek ου | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | Greek ου | ||
| ou, oi | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{vry-times|ʟ|ɭ}}, {{vry-times||ɭɭ}} | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{vry-times|ʟ|ɭ}}, {{vry-times||ɭɭ}} | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɫ/ | | style="vertical-align:middle;" | /ɫ/ | ||
| style="vertical-align:middle; font-style:italic;" | Innovated during Classical Phrygian | | style="vertical-align:middle; font-style:italic;" | Innovated during Classical Phrygian | ||
| l̦, l̦l̦ | |||
|} | |} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
# When in coda position, {{vry-times||ɼ}}, {{vry-times||v}}, and {{vry-times||◌̔}} are dropped with compensatory vowel lengthening, such as in [[Contionary:peregh|{{vry-times||ƞɛ́pɛɼ}}]] /ˈpɛrɛː/, [[Contionary:zeregh|{{vry-times||ɥɛ́pev}}]] /ˈzɛrɛː/, and [[Contionary:hetjeh|{{vry-times||ἕqɛ‛}}]] /ˈhɛt͡ʃɛː/. | |||
# {{vry-times|ɪ|}} and {{vry-times||o}} consonantally are /j/ /f/, such as in [[Contionary:ierek|{{vry-times||ıɛ́pɛu}}]] /ˈjɛrɛk/ and [[Contionary:sjelfar|{{vry-times||ɜɛʌoɑ́p}}]] /ʃɛlˈfar/ | |||
# When /h/ precedes a vowel, it is written as a diacritic above the vowel, otherwise it is written on its own. Both forms can be seen in [[Contionary:reheh|{{vry-times||pἕɛ‛}}]] /ˈrɛhɛː/. | |||
# In order to distinguish /aj/ /ɛj/ /oj/ from /ɛː/ /e/ /u/, diaereses are usedː {{vry-times||ɑï}}, {{vry-times||ɛï}}, {{vry-times||oï}}. | |||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
==Example text== | ==Example text== | ||
Revision as of 16:56, 29 August 2024
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| Phrygian | |
|---|---|
| ƞpɛ́ucɑı préxai | |
| Pronunciation | [ˈprɛksɛː] |
| Created by | Vrianne |
| Date | 2024 |
| Setting | Alt-History Europe |
| Native to | Phrygia |
| Ethnicity | Phrygian |
Early forms | Afro-Asiatic
|
Standard form | Standard Phrygian (--)
|
| Official status | |
Official language in | Phrygia |
Recognised minority language in | |
Phrygian (endonym: ʌɛcɑ́ү ƞpɛ́ucɑı, Lesán préxai, [lɛˈsaŋ ˈprɛksɛː]), also known as Prexian, is a Semitic language within the Afroasiatic language family. It is spoken mostly in the Principality of Smyrna, and in north- and southwestern Eretna, concentrated in the western half of Anatolia. The standardized form of Phrygian is mainly based on the metropolitan Smyrna Dialect (ɜíoɛr ᴇɯɛppɑ́, sjíuet Emerrá). The name Phrygian is a misnomer, as the classical Phrygian language, which used to be spoken very near to where the Semitic Phrygian tribes initially settled, is an Indo-European language closely related to Greek.
Classical Phrygian still survives as the liturgical language of the Church of Smyrna, one of the Greek Orthodox Churches.
Classification
History
Phonology
Standard Phrygian has 26 consonant phonemes and 11 vowel phonemes. Some coronal phonemes contrast between plain and velarized consonants.
| Labial | Coronal | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain | Velarized | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n[1] | |||||
| Polsive | Voiceless | p | t | tˠ(ː)[2] tˠː[4] | c | k(ː)[2] | |
| Voiced | b(ː)[3] | d(ː)[3] | ɟ ~ ɡ(ː)[3] [5] | ||||
| Affricate | Voiceless | t͡ʃ | |||||
| Voiced | d͡ʒ | ||||||
| Fricative | Voiceless | f | s ʃ | sˠ ʃˠ | x | h | |
| Voiced | z | ɣ | |||||
| Trill/Tap | r | ||||||
| Approximant | l | ɫ(ː)[2] | j | ||||
| Front | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Short | Long | Short | Long | ||
| Close | i | iː | u | uː | |
| Mid | e[6] ɛ | ɛː | ɔ | ɔː | |
| Open | a aː[7] | ||||
- apart from when before velar consonants, /n/ has the allophone [ŋ] in coda positions following a back vowel or /a/.
- /tˠ k ɫ/ may be unconditionally geminated by depending on speaker such that they do not contrast with /tˠː kː ɫː/.
- /b d ɡ/ may be unconditionally geminated by older speakers such that they do not contrast with /bː dː ɡː/.
- the phonemic contrast between /tˠ(ː)/ (spelled ⟨b⟩) and /tˠː/ (spelled ⟨r̃⟩) has largely disappeared among younger speakers, merging both into either /tˠ/ or /tˠː/. Older speakers who still retain the distinction always pronounce /tˠ(ː)/ ⟨b⟩ as [tˠ] and /tˠː/ ⟨r̃⟩ as [tˠː].
- /ɡ/ is allophonically pronounced as [ɟ] near front vowels.
- /e/ is realized as [e̝~ɪ].
- /a aː/ are realized as [ɑ ɑː] near velarized consonants.
Orthography
Phrygian uses its own script, aptly named the Phrygian script (ɑ́ʌɛƞƞɛɜ ƞpɛ́ucɑıɜ, áleppesj préxaisj). The Phrygian script is an an alphabetic writing system developed for specifically for the Phrygian language during the Classical Phrygian period mainly from the Greek script, which it supplanted. It also utilizes some letters of Aramaic origin to represent sounds not present in the base Greek alphabet, such as classical /ħ/ ⟨n⟩, /ʕ/ ⟨v⟩, /sˤ/ ⟨ր⟩, and /ʃˤ/ ⟨ɭ⟩. Though ever since its creation, multiple sounds have merged, leaving many redundant etymological letters such as /x/ ⟨x m n⟩, /ɣ/ ⟨ɼ v⟩, and /tˠ/ ⟨r̃ b⟩.
| Grapheme | Sound (IPA) | Source | Romanization | Grapheme | Sound (IPA) | Source | Romanization |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ᴀ, ɑ | /a/ | Greek α | a | ᴏ, o | /ɔ/, /f/[2] | Greek ο | o, f |
| ʙ, ɓ | /f/ | Greek β | f | ᴘ, p | /r/ | Greek ρ | r |
| ʙ̰, ɓ̰ | /b/ | b | ᴄ, c | /s/ | Greek ϲ | s | |
| г, ɼ | /ɣ/, /◌ː/[1] | Greek γ | gh | ᴛ, r | /t/ | Greek τ | t |
| г̰, ɼ̃ | /ɡ/ | g | ᴛ̰, r̃ | /tˠ/ | ț, țț | ||
| s, s | /d͡ʒ/ | Greek δ | dj | ƞ, ƞ | /p/ | Greek φ | p |
| s̰, s̃ | /d/ | d | x, x | /x/ | Greek χ | ch | |
| ᴇ, ɛ | /ɛ/ | Greek ε | e | ꝏ, ꝏ | /u/ | Greek ω | u |
| ч, ɥ | /z/ | Greek ζ | z | m, m | /x/ | Aramaic 𐡄 | ch |
| ɋ, q | /t͡ʃ/ | Greek θ | tj | n, n | Aramaic 𐡇 | ||
| ɪ, ı | /i/, /j/[2] | Greek ι | i | ь, b | /tˠ/ | Aramaic 𐡈 | ț |
| u, u | /c/ | Greek κ | k | ⱻ, ɜ | /ʃ/ | Aramaic 𐡎 | sj |
| ṵ, ũ | /k/ | q | ᴠ, v | /ɣ/, /◌ː/[1] | Aramaic 𐡏 | gh | |
| ʌ, ʌ | /l/ | Greek λ | l | ր, ր | /sˠ/ | Aramaic 𐡑 | ș |
| ᴡ, ɯ | /m/ | Greek μ | m | ʟ, ɭ | /ʃˠ/ | Aramaic 𐡋 | șj |
| ʏ, ү | /n/ | Greek ν | n | ◌̔[3] | /h/ | Greek ◌̔ | h |
| Grapheme | Sound (IPA) | Source | Romanization |
|---|---|---|---|
| ᴀı, ɑı[4] | /ɛː/ | Greek αι | ai |
| ᴀo, ɑo | /ɔː/ | Innovated during Classical Phrygian | au |
| ᴇı, ɛı[4] | /e/ | Greek ει | ei |
| oı, oı[4] | /u/ | Greek ου | ou, oi |
| ʟɭ, ɭɭ | /ɫ/ | Innovated during Classical Phrygian | l̦, l̦l̦ |
- When in coda position, ɼ, v, and ◌̔ are dropped with compensatory vowel lengthening, such as in ƞɛ́pɛɼ /ˈpɛrɛː/, ɥɛ́pev /ˈzɛrɛː/, and ἕqɛ‛ /ˈhɛt͡ʃɛː/.
- ɪ and o consonantally are /j/ /f/, such as in ıɛ́pɛu /ˈjɛrɛk/ and ɜɛʌoɑ́p /ʃɛlˈfar/
- When /h/ precedes a vowel, it is written as a diacritic above the vowel, otherwise it is written on its own. Both forms can be seen in pἕɛ‛ /ˈrɛhɛː/.
- In order to distinguish /aj/ /ɛj/ /oj/ from /ɛː/ /e/ /u/, diaereses are usedː ɑï, ɛï, oï.