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Standard Average Indo-European: Difference between revisions
Standard Average Indo-European (view source)
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== 0 Introduction == | == 0 Introduction == | ||
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==== 1.1.1 *m, *n ==== | ==== 1.1.1 *m, *n ==== | ||
These appear as ⟨m⟩ [m] and ⟨n⟩ [n]. | |||
⟨n⟩ before velar consonants can be pronounced as [ŋ]. | ⟨n⟩ before velar consonants can be pronounced as [ŋ]. | ||
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==== 1.1.2 *r, *l ==== | ==== 1.1.2 *r, *l ==== | ||
⟨r⟩ can be pronounced as any rhotic sound, including but not limited to [ɾ], [r] and [ɹ]. | |||
⟨l⟩ is pronounced as [l]. | |||
Both consonants can be syllabic resonants, written ⟨l̥⟩ and ⟨r̥⟩ or ⟨ḷ⟩ and ⟨ṛ⟩. When ⟨r⟩ appears as the syllabic resonant ⟨r̥⟩ or ⟨ṛ⟩, it should avoid being pronounced as [ɾ], and a sonorant sound should be used instead. | Both consonants can be syllabic resonants, written ⟨l̥⟩ and ⟨r̥⟩ or ⟨ḷ⟩ and ⟨ṛ⟩. When ⟨r⟩ appears as the syllabic resonant ⟨r̥⟩ or ⟨ṛ⟩, it should avoid being pronounced as [ɾ], and a sonorant sound should be used instead. | ||
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==== 1.1.3 *s ==== | ==== 1.1.3 *s ==== | ||
This appears as ⟨s⟩ [s], but following the evidence of daughter languages, it can be pronounced [z] in the cluster /sd/ or /sdʰ/, in which case it can optionally be written as ⟨z⟩ [z], such as '''nizdós''' "nest" for '''''nisdós'''''''' '''or '''sízdō''' "I am sitting" for '''''sísdō'''''. In addition to [s] it can be pronounced [s̱], [θ], or even [ɕ], [ʃ] when adjacent to the sounds ⟨y⟩ [j] or ⟨i⟩ [i]. | |||
The '''s-mobile''' is written ⟨S⟩, such as in the word '''Stégos''' "roof", and may be pronounced [s] or be entirely silent. | |||
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===== 1.1.5.1 *k, *g, *gʰ ===== | ===== 1.1.5.1 *k, *g, *gʰ ===== | ||
These appear as plain consonants, not labialised or palatalised, as ⟨k⟩ [k], ⟨g⟩ [g], and ⟨gh⟩ [gʰ]. In alternative reconstructions they may be pronounced as [q], [ɢ], and [ɢʰ] (per Kümmel); [k], [ˀk], and [kʰ] (per Beekes); and [kː], [k'], and [k] (per Kortlandt), among others. | |||
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==== 1.1.6 *t, *d, *dʰ ==== | ==== 1.1.6 *t, *d, *dʰ ==== | ||
These appear as ⟨t⟩ [t], ⟨d⟩ [d], and ⟨dh⟩ [dʰ], or as the alternatives with pre-glottalisation, or ejectives. | |||
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==== 1.1.7 *p, *b, *bʰ ==== | ==== 1.1.7 *p, *b, *bʰ ==== | ||
These appear as ⟨p⟩ [p], ⟨b⟩ [b], and ⟨bh⟩ [bʰ], or as the alternatives with pre-glottalisation, or ejectives. | |||
==== 1.1.8 *h₁, *h₂, *h₃ ==== | ==== 1.1.8 *h₁, *h₂, *h₃ ==== | ||
Since the pronunciation of laryngeals is so uncertain, they either colour vowels or disappear entirely. /*eh₁/ becomes [eː], /*eh₂/ becomes [aː], and /*eh₃/ becomes [oː]. Similarly, ''/*h₁e/'' becomes [e], ''/*h₂e/'' becomes [a], and ''/*h₃e/'' becomes [o]. Laryngeals do colour inherently long vowels as though they were short. | |||
When any laryngeal begins a word before another consonant, it can become [a] or [ə]. Any laryngeal between consonants can also become [a ~ ə]. | When any laryngeal begins a word before another consonant, it can become [a] or [ə]. Any laryngeal between consonants can also become [a ~ ə]. | ||
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The aspirated stops ⟨bh⟩ ⟨dh⟩ ⟨gh⟩ ⟨ǵh⟩ ⟨ch⟩ can be devoiced to [pʰ] [tʰ] [kʰ] [kʲʰ] [kʷʰ] for one of two reasons. | The aspirated stops ⟨bh⟩ ⟨dh⟩ ⟨gh⟩ ⟨ǵh⟩ ⟨ch⟩ can be devoiced to [pʰ] [tʰ] [kʰ] [kʲʰ] [kʷʰ] for one of two reasons. | ||
Firstly a speaker may choose to pronounce unvoiced stops in order to match a neighbouring unvoiced stop, such as producing the opposite of Bartholomae's law: *bʰewdʰ → *bʰudʰ-tós → (with application of Grassmann's law) *bʰud-dʰós → SAvIE ⟨bhuddhós⟩ [pʰuˈtʰːos]. | |||
Otherwise, a speaker (such as an avid student of Ancient Greek, or perhaps Sanskrit) can choose to pronounce unvoiced stops throughout their speech simply because they wish to match pronunciations of their respective daughter languages of interest. | Otherwise, a speaker (such as an avid student of Ancient Greek, or perhaps Sanskrit) can choose to pronounce unvoiced stops throughout their speech simply because they wish to match pronunciations of their respective daughter languages of interest. | ||
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==== 1.2.1 *e, *ē, *o, *ō ==== | ==== 1.2.1 *e, *ē, *o, *ō ==== | ||
The basic short vowels of Proto-Indo-European appear as ⟨e⟩ and ⟨o⟩, and can be pronounced in a variety of ways, such as [e] and [o] or [ɛ] and [ɔ]. Their long counterparts appear as ⟨ē⟩ and ⟨ō⟩, and are pronounced as before, but audibly longer. | |||
There is no real restriction on how they should be pronounced, but my personal preference is ⟨e⟩ as [ɛ], ⟨ē⟩ as [eː], ⟨o⟩ as [ɔ], and ⟨ō⟩ as [oː]. | There is no real restriction on how they should be pronounced, but my personal preference is ⟨e⟩ as [ɛ], ⟨ē⟩ as [eː], ⟨o⟩ as [ɔ], and ⟨ō⟩ as [oː]. | ||
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==== 1.2.3 *i, ⟨ī⟩, *u, ⟨ū⟩ ==== | ==== 1.2.3 *i, ⟨ī⟩, *u, ⟨ū⟩ ==== | ||
Only ⟨i⟩ [i] and ⟨u⟩ [u] are inherited from Proto-Indo-European. ⟨ī⟩ [iː] and ⟨ū⟩ [uː] appear as contractions of /*iH/ and /*uH/. | |||
==== 1.2.4 [ə] ==== | ==== 1.2.4 [ə] ==== | ||
A final vowel [ə], the schwa, can be pronounced in SAvIE but ought not to be written. In cases where syllabic sonorants (l̥ r̥ m̥ n̥ H̥) form a cluster with another consonant (such as in the word wl̥qós which is expected to be pronounced [wl̩ˈkʷos]), an epenthetic schwa can be added before the syllabic consonant to aid in pronunciation, thus giving [wəlˈkʷos] for wl̥qós. | |||
If somebody wants to write the pronounced schwa explicitly, they should use the letters ⟨y⟩, ⟨ə⟩, or the symbol ⟨°⟩, giving ⟨wylqós⟩, ⟨wəlqós⟩, or ⟨w°lqós⟩. | If somebody wants to write the pronounced schwa explicitly, they should use the letters ⟨y⟩, ⟨ə⟩, or the symbol ⟨°⟩, giving ⟨wylqós⟩, ⟨wəlqós⟩, or ⟨w°lqós⟩. | ||
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However, the word '''Hár ~ Hr̥''', meaning "so" or "thus" in positive sentences, can be used to introduce a sentence: '''Hár qís Hésti ís?''' "so who is he?". | However, the word '''Hár ~ Hr̥''', meaning "so" or "thus" in positive sentences, can be used to introduce a sentence: '''Hár qís Hésti ís?''' "so who is he?". | ||
In addition, the phrase '''né Hésti…?''' "isn't it…?" can be used with the regular statement to form a yes/no question in one of two ways: firstly, it can be used to introduce a subordinate clause, as in '''né Hésti, qid ís cémt?''' "isn't it [the case] that he came?"; the second is that it can be used as a tag question at the end of a sentence, as in '''ís cémt, né Hésti?''' "he came, isn't it?". | |||
The simple responses to yes/no questions is '''nójnom''', '''né tód''', or '''Hóju qíd''' "no", and the positive is '''já ~ sejḱe ~ tód ~ dô'''. There is no fundamental difference between any of these words; they have different origins and can be used depending on the speaker's preference for their source. For example, '''nójnom''' is a shortening of '''né (H)ójnom''', from Latin ''nōn'', whereas '''Hóju qíd '''is the form of Greek ''οὐ(κ) ~ οὐ(χ)'' and Armenian ''ոչ''; meanwhile, '''já''' is ubiquitous in Germanic, '''séjḱe''' also from Latin ''sīc, '''''(né) tód''''' ''as seen in Celtic languages, such as Welsh ''do ~ naddo'', or '''dô''' as in Slavic ''да''. | The simple responses to yes/no questions is '''nójnom''', '''né tód''', or '''Hóju qíd''' "no", and the positive is '''já ~ sejḱe ~ tód ~ dô'''. There is no fundamental difference between any of these words; they have different origins and can be used depending on the speaker's preference for their source. For example, '''nójnom''' is a shortening of '''né (H)ójnom''', from Latin ''nōn'', whereas '''Hóju qíd '''is the form of Greek ''οὐ(κ) ~ οὐ(χ)'' and Armenian ''ոչ''; meanwhile, '''já''' is ubiquitous in Germanic, '''séjḱe''' also from Latin ''sīc, '''''(né) tód''''' ''as seen in Celtic languages, such as Welsh ''do ~ naddo'', or '''dô''' as in Slavic ''да''. | ||
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The first is introducing an entirely independent subordinate clause with the word '''qid''', such as in '''éǵ wéjdō, qid ís cémt''' "I know that he came". | The first is introducing an entirely independent subordinate clause with the word '''qid''', such as in '''éǵ wéjdō, qid ís cémt''' "I know that he came". | ||
Clauses that are more semantically linked to the antecedent use interrogative-relative pronouns: '''só wīrós, qésjo cên cémt… '''"the man, whose wife came…", literally "the man, of whom [the] wife came…". | |||
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Uvular sounds such as [q], [χ], and [ʁ] can be converted to their non-uvular counterparts [k], [x], [r ~ ɾ ~ ɹ]. | |||
In addition, the following vowel sounds can be used: | In addition, the following vowel sounds can be used: | ||